Humoral Immune Response

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What happens in acute intracellular infection?

Antigen is presented on MHC-I to CD8 helper cells and CD8s produce CTL effectors, which kill infected cells via apoptosis. Also makes memory cells.

When activated, B cells produce antibodies specific for the same antigen as their _?

BCR

Why don't plasma cells express BCR's?

Because they are not involved in the recognition of antigen just production of antibodies to bind to it

Why do memory B cells retain their BCRs?

Because they need to be able to recognize the antigen in the event of re exposure

Cell-mediated immunity is important in defending against what?

Intracellular infection (antibodies cannot get into cells)

What kind of cell enables a 'secondary immune response'?

Memory B cells

B cells get their variability/uniqueness via _ _ _?

Random gene reshuffling

Memory B cells do not need Th cells to become activated for a secondary response, T or F?

T

Why are live vaccines preferred?

They ensure a cell-mediated response, and stimulate IgA.

T or F, antibodies can live on after the plasma cell is dead?

True.

Characteristics of the primary immune response

- Long lag phase for adaptive response - Innate immune system the most active - Takes 7-14 days before sufficient antibody is produced to eliminate pathogen - Main antibody: IgM

Why do vaccines fail? (4)

- Poor vaccine potency - Inadequate storage - Immunocompromised patients (pregnancy, malnourishment, AIDS) - Genetic susceptibility

Characteristics of the secondary immune response

- Relies on memory B cells - Fast-acting; 2-3 days for sufficient antibody to be produced to eliminate pathogen - Main antibody: IgG

The humoral immune response is part of the immune response that involves what?

Antibodies (B cells)

Plasma cells can be thought of as _ factories

Antibody (huge ER for making proteins)

Humoral immunity is also known as?

Antibody-mediated immunity

What happens in chronic intracellular infection?

Antigen is presented on MHC-II to CD4 helper cells, and CD4 helper cells produce special cytokines (e.g. interferon-gamma) that signals macrophages to enhance killing of intracellular bacteria/parasites

What are the four types of vaccines?

Attenuated pathogen, recombinant protein, recombinant vector, DNA vaccine

Why are plasma cells derived from B memory cells better than naïve B cells at stopping pathogens from causing disease?

Because they make IgG immediately (instead of IgM then IgG which is better at neutralizing antigen)

What is a chemical adjuvant and what does it do?

Enhances response to vaccine. ↑ inflammation ↑ macrophage activation ↑ antigen-presenting cell interaction ↑ release time

Humoral immunity is important in defending against what?

Extracellular infection

What do killed vaccines stimulate?

IgM/IgD production

Does IgA fix complement?

No - this is done by IgM and IgG

How do CTLs induce apoptosis?

Use perforin to make pore -> granzymes go through and turn on apoptotic pathway

IgA targets what?

Viruses and bacteria

What is a secondary response?

Where B memory cells encounter the same antigen and respond (become active, proliferate and differentiate into more plasma and memory cells)

How long can memory B cells last in our body?

months- entire lifetime


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