HWST 107 Final

What became the rallying cry for protesters during this time?

"Land for local people, not tourists"

What is the Akaka Bill and what did it attempt to establish?

"Native Hawaiian Reorganization Act" to provide a process for the reorganization of the single Native Hawaiian governing entity and the reaffirmation of the special political and legal relationship between the US and that Native Hawaiian governing entity for purposes of continuing a government-to-government relationship

What will the estimated cost of sea-level rise be for Hawai'i?

$190 billion

What was the purpose of the Queen's military tribunal?

- humiliate the queen -force abdication of throne

What are the results of water tests conducted by the Board of Water Supply (BWS) and the Navy?

-27,000 gallons leaked from tank 5 -tests reveal fuel is already in groundwater -outer wall of tanks are rusting -Navy is unable to detect areas in disrepair more than 50% of the time -atleast a 27% chance of leaks up to 30,000 gallons occurring every year -US Navy claims water is safe

What is the Newlands Joint-Resolution?

-Introduce by Nevada Representative Francis Newlands - based on annexation document drafted by Thruston -passed both House and Senate -Hawai'i's value for strategic military purposes realized as a result of Spanish-American War of 1898

What was the outcome of the trial?

-Military commission NOT civil court

DERP - Why do critics claim that DERP reports fall short of their intended purpose? -How many Hawai'i military installations with hazardous sites have been identified by the DERP - According to DERP, what island has the most military contaminated sites?

-Military created DERP to address contamination from hazardous substances, pollutants, and/or contaminants -about 85% of the nearly 39,500 contaminated sites have been addressed -flaws: many "cleaned" sites are still contaminated, DERP doesn't apply to installations on foreign soil -O'ahu

Insular Cases -Why do some criticize the treatment of US citizens in their island territories? - Why do some believe that the Insular Cases need to be repealed?

-US Supreme Court opinions on US territories acquired in the Spanish-American War: Does the constitution follow the flag? debate on how to govern new territories since nothin in the US Constitution -Doctrine of Territorial Incorporation: US constitution applies to incorporated territories, partially applies to newly acquired territories full rights do not extend to US places, and to all US citizens

United States of America & John L. Stevens (role in the overthrow)

-coached comm. of safety -unlawfully lands US troops -officially recognized the Provisional Gov't on behalf of US -declared Hawai'i a US protectorate -Kingdom was surrendered to US gov't NOT the provisional gov't

Why is Hawai'i considered the most militarized state in the union?

-combined military branches = 161 installations -controls 5.7% of total land in Hawai'i -controls 22.4% acres of O'ahu island -(2000) largest percentage of its population in the military

What types of things have been dumped into our surrounding ocean?

-conventional explosives -old aircrat -old ships -old vehicles -ammunition -more than 8,000 tons of chemical weapons

What are some of the Treaty of Rarotonga's flaws as outlined in the reading "Niuklia Fri Pacific"?

-does not address uranium mining in Australia -fails to limit movement of nuclear vessels within the zone -fails to limit transportation of nuclear weapons within zone -does not ban testing of ballistic missiles that carry nuclear warheads -does not ban nuclear facilities or network within the pacific -does not cover Micronesia

What is the Hawaiian Organic Act of 1900? (what does it establish?)

-established territory of Hawai'i gov't -republic of Hawai'i citizens = US citizens -Republic of Hawai'i laws = territorial laws -Senate & House of representatives chosen by popular vote -Governor appointed by US presiden -Hawaiian gov't & Crown lands = territorial lands (ceded lands)

Bravo Shot

-first test in series -mushroom cloud 7,000 sq. miles -radioactive fallout - 236 inhabitants of Rongelap & Utrik

How do U.S. military interests influence the acquisition of Pacific territories during the early 20th century period of empire building?

-forceful annexation of a friendly nation solely for the purpose of US economic expansion -the US wants to benefit from the strategic military position of pacific territory

Treaty of Rarotonga / South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty of 1985 - what are the treaty's 3 protocols?

-not to use or threaten to use any nuclear explosive device with any territory within the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone -not to test any nuclear explosive device anywhere within the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone -permanent nature

Cabinet Ministers of the Queen (role in the overthrow)

-outwardly supported new constitution -secretly reported to COS -stalled promulgation of constitution to land US troops and overthrow the Queen

Declaration Regarding Non-Self-Governing Territories -According to the UN, what are the responsibilities a colonial power has to the people of a territory under its care? -How did the US nuclear testing program in Micronesia violate this UN charter?

-recognize the principle that the interests of the inhabitants fo these territories are paramount, sacred true, the well-being of the inhabitants -to ensure their just treatment and their protection against abuses -US was mandated by UN to care for people of Micronesia and protect them against abuses

Why is it difficult for local non-military residents to compete with military personnel for off-base housing?

-soldiers can afford high rent -some landlords only rent to military -landlords increase rental rates due to BAH

How much 'āina is under military stewardship?

11,173 acres or 54% of military controlled lands in Hawai'i

How was Hawai'i's sovereignty established historically?

1843: Hawaiian sovereignty recognized 1843-1893: Hawaiian sovereignty reaffirmed through numerous international treaties 1898: US violates international law by focibly annexing Hawai'i 1900: US violates international law by creating a foreign gov't system 1959: US violate international law by removing Hawai'i from UN list of Non-self-governing territories based on illegal plebiscite vote

According to Hawai'i Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Commission, how many people in Hawai'i will be displaced due to rising sea levels by the end of the century?

19,800

Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands - How did the US com into control of it? - What is the status of the territory today?

1947: trusteeship granted by UN after WWII -divided into 3 geographical regions: Marshall Islands, Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands -TODAY: The republic of Marshall Islands, The Federated States of Micronesia, The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, The Republic of Palau

What years did Waikiki see the most hotel growth/development?

1968-1971

When was coral bleaching first observed as a global phenomenon? - identify at least one other mass bleaching event in recent history

1998 following a "Super El Nino" 2017: more than 90% of Australia's Great Barrier Reef was bleached

What is the current rate of sea-level rise around the globe? - What is it in the Western Pacific?

3 mm/yr 12 mm/yr

What statistic indicates that Hawai'i's homeless problem is rather a homeless epidemic?

41% of Hawai'i's homeless had been previously evicted for nonpayment of rent (2003)

Committee of Safety (Who are they? What is their role in the Bayonet Constitution?)

A 13-member group of mostly members of the Missionary Party and foreign residents. They wanted to overthrow the Kingdom of Hawaii. Lorrin Thurston was part of the society and it was crucial in the drafting and forcing of the Bayonet Constitution

How much has Hawaiʻiʻs population increased since statehood? On average, what is the ratio of tourists to Native Hawaiians on an annual basis?

A lot.At statehood, Hawai'i residents outnumbered tourists 2:1Today, tourists outnumber residents 7:1, and Native Hawaiians 31:1

Sovereignty

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

What is Hawai'i's current goal to reduce our carbon footprint and limit sea-level rise?

Act 32: affirms state's commitment to Paris Agreement goals and establishes Climate Change Commission The Paris Agreement:197 countries agree to limit global temp rise below 2*C

Why are Hawai'i's homeless numbers so high despite having one of the lowest unemployment rates in the US?

Because the cost of living is disproportionally high compared to minimum wage / average income

What is the difference between the Blount Report and the Morgan Report?

Blount Report: -US forces responsible for overthrow -Minister Stevens abused authority -Provisional gov't lacked support -Overthrow & annexation were unpopular Morgan Report: -US forces exonerated of culpability -Minister Stevens exonerated -Queen Lili'uokalani identified as solely responsible for overthrow

What is the Turpie Resolution and how do the Blount and Morgan Reports influence it?

Cleveland considers restoration by force -US neutral stance in Hawai'i -Terminated all efforts to restore Queen - Alllowed for recognition of provisional gov't -Hawaiian Nation in limbo

Self-determination

Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

What is the Monroe Doctrine and how does it relate to the Spanish American War of 1898?

Defined American foreign policy throughout 1800s -European powers to stay out of the Western Hemisphere -US would not mettle in European wars nor in wars between them and their colonies unless these battles occurred in the Americas -allowed US to support independence movements throughout Latin America

What have scientists recently discovered with regard to the El Nino weather phenomenon? - How does this contribute to stronger, more intense weather related event?

El Nino = period of natural warming of the equatorial Pacific that triggers weather extremes across the globe -El Ninos are forming farther west - Waters in the western Pacific are warmer leading to stronger El Ninos

FUDS

Formerly Used Defense Sites) - DoD is responsible for cleaning up areas it has possessed or leased.

Provide an example that illustrates just how serious global ice melt is.

Greenland's melt rate has increased 4 times in the span of 10 years

Why do critics not take the Morgan Report findings seriously?

He didn't even go to the islands for a long enough time to conduct a through investigation

What is the Hui Kalaiʻāina and Hui Aloha ʻĀina and how do their efforts derail annexation efforts?

Hui Kalai'āina: -formed after Bayonet Constitution to give Kānaka political voice - 17,000 signatures to restore the Queen Hui Aloha 'āina: - formed after overthrow to support queen and work against annexation -21,269 signatures against annexation -HELPED defeat Thurston's annexation treaty in the senate

What is responsible for the significant increase of green house gasses around the world?

Human activity -burning fossil fuels -cutting down forests

Why did the Queen attempt to promulgate a new constitution?

It would have strengthened the power of the monarch relative to the legislature, where Euro-American business elites held disproportionate power.

Who does President Cleveland send to Hawai'i to investigate the overthrow? -What does this person do? - What are the conclusions and recommendations of his report?

James Blount He goes to conduct a presidential investigation finds that the overthrow was not correct, and there were lots of problems

Lā Ho'iho'i Ea

July 31, 1843 Restoration Day

According to Dr. Trask, what was the catalyst for the modern Hawaiian sovereignty movement and what year did it occur?

Kalama Valley - 1971

What event took place in 1898 that ultimately led to Hawaiian annexation?

McKinley signed Newlands Resolution

What recent numbers provided by the HUD reinforce this notion that Hawai'i's economy is in poor shape?

Native Hawaiian families are twice as likely to live in poverty as is the average family in Hawai'i, 1/5 of Native Hawaiian families with children was living in poverty in 1999,

Why is corporate tourism not as beneficial for the people of Hawai'i as some would think?

Not economically sustainable, low wage industry, detriment to culture/'āina

Lā Kū'oko'a

Nov. 28 ,1843 Hawaiian Independence Day

Identify OHA and its role in the Hawaiian Sovereignty movement?

Office of Hawaiian Affairs: -the support of public education -betterment of the conditions of Native Hawaiians -development of farm and home ownership -making of public improvements -provision of lands for public use

What is the difference between Operations Crossroads and Operation Castle?

Operation Crossroads: -1946: series of nuclear tests -Bikini, Marshall Islands -study the effect of nuclear weapons on ships & equipment

Queen Lili'uokalani (role in the overthrow)

Proposed a new constitution based on the 1864 Constitution and in 1893 agreed to a conditional surrender of the Kingdom of Hawaii

state-within-state

Pros: precedent set by various tribes, only requires state of hawai'i approval, comparable to a country cons: provides least governing authority, limited control over 'āina

How was Hawai'i's statehood vote unfair when compared with Puerto Rico's most recent vote?

Puerto Rico got choices as to if it would ever become a state, whereas Hawai'i had to pick between now or later

How were the Marshallese people affected by the nuclear testing in and around their islands? What types o]f health problems have resulted? What are "jellyfish" babies?

Radioactive fallout still too severe for human habitation, almost all of the children developed thyroid tumors, Marshallese = the world's highest rate of thyroid abnormalities."Jellyfish babies" are born with no bones in their bodies and with transparent skin. We can see their brains and hearts beating. The babies usually live for a day or two before they stop breathing

What is the Wilcox Rebellion?

Robert Kalanihiapo Wilcox led a rebellion against the Republic of Hawai'i -220 arrested -183 prosecuted

What factors contributed to tremendous frustration by local residents with regard to 'āina in the 1960s & 1970s?

Sand Island Story frustration & anger with regard to social justice, cultural identity, & irresponsible management of 'āina

Why did the queen surrender the Hawaiian gov't to the US gov't? - What was the rationale behind this decision? -What was the nature of this surrender?

She surrendered to avoid collision of armed forces and hopefully the loss of life. She was deposed and temporarily relinquished her throne in hopes that the US would restore Hawaii's sovereignty to the rightful party. She yielded to the US Government rather than the Provisional Government

Why was Hawai'i's "annexation" considered a violation of US constitutional law?

The Newlands Joint Resolution is NOT a treaty of annexation

Why was the statehood not unlawful in term of the question asked and those who were allowed to vote?

The question wasn't yes or no, it was now or laterOnly 60% of the population was allowed to voteOnly 35% of Hawaiian electorate voted for statehoodOnly U.S. citizens were allowed to vote Violated the U.N. charter

From the Sand Island Story, how did rapid population growth and urban development displace many Native Hawaiians & locals during the 1970s? What was the city planning to do with Sand Island after evicting the "squatters"?

They wanted to build hotels where the "squatters" were living. They were going to move all the "squatters" into city apartments, which literally none of them wanted.

How does tourism contribute to population growth in Hawai'i?

Tourism hasn't generated an increase in dollars flowing into the state to pay for more goods/servicesTourism/Hospitality Industry = low wages --> many people cannot cope despite having jobs

How did the Spanish American War change the way the US viewed Hawai'i's value?

Treaty of Paris: -Puerto Rice & Guam become US -US pays $20 million for Philippines

What is PACOM and where is it based?

U.S. Pacific Command Based in Oahu, Hawaii

Why did the U.S. hastily push a vote for statehood through in June of 1959 and quickly admit Hawai'i into the Union as a state in August of the same year?

UN adopted the "declaration on the granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples" so Hawai'i eligible for decolonization under territory states had to force statehood in order to remove Hawai'i from list

Why is the military criticized for its footprint in the islands?

US seized nearly 1.8 million acres of Hawaiian gov't and crown lands of the Kingdom of Hawai'i

Why did the statehood vote not legitimize Hawaiʻiʻs status as an American state?

US violated the UN charter: -did not develop "self-government" -did not provide "just treatment" -did not protect against "political abuse" -did not "assist in development of political institutions"

What kind of monetary compensation do they receive from the US gov't? Is it enough? Why or Why not?

Victims with:- leukemia or cancer of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine = $125,000- severe growth retardation from thyroid damage = $100,000Trust fund paid $79M to 1,808 islanders, and 46% of affected islanders died before they were fully paid for their injuries

How was this used against her by the COS as justification for the overthrow

When the Queen informed her cabinet of the plan, they withheld their support knowing what her opponents' likely response would be

What US president comes to power in 1897 that supports Hawaiian annexation?

William McKinley

What is the "Stepping-Stones Theory" and what was the intent behind it?

William Seward says: Pacific islands will serve as "stepping stones" to Asian markets

Did the U.S. intentionally expose Micronesians to radioactive fallout in order to use them as test subjects? If so, what evidence is there to prove this?

Yes, - the winds were obviously blowing towards the islands - they still do tests on them to see how they are affected

free association

a semi-sovereign political status pros: Micronesian precedent, maintain international relations, representation at the UN, possible steps towards full independence cons: not full independent, would still allow US military

Apology Bill Why is it a hallmark event?

acknowledgment and apology of the illegal and wrongdoings done by U.S government to the Hawaiian people

List 2 stats regarding PACOM in Hawai'i

area of responsibility covers more than 50% of the earth's surface: -43 countries -20 territories and possessions -10 US territories -60% of the world's population -300,00 military personnel

How much heat does our ocean absorb on a regular basis?

at least 3 Hiroshima-size atomic bomb explosions every second

To date, how many Pacific islands have succumbed to rising seas?

at least 8

What is the main reason for homelessness in Hawai'i?

cost of living

independence

decolonization: UN recognizes colonial powers & possessions, UN provides a pathway for decolonization, this path recognizes that the US formal colonized Hawai'i (many disagree) deoccupation: US needs to acknowledge unlawful annexation, US needs to respect laws of occupation

What is the difference between decolonization & deoccupation?

decolonization: undoing colonialism deoccupation: removal of occupying force

What 2 forces coincided in the 1950s that contributed to Hawai'i's tourism boom?

development of airplanes &...

What is the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 and how does it influence the Bayonet Constitution?

effected in 1876 Tax free trade good for 7 yrs it established the control of the US over Hawai'i

Corporate Tourism

foreign corporations have monopoly on multiple facets of tourism industry

What is the root cause of global warming?

greenhouse gasses trap heat in the atmosphere causing temperatures to increase and the climate to change

What is coral bleaching and what causes it?

higher ocean temperatures put stress on coral causing them to lose nutrient-rich algae (making them more susceptible to death)

Why did the US choose the Marshall Islands for its nuclear testing program?

it is isolated and various foreign powers have used to before for their own interests

Why is the Halawa Fuel Storage Facility of particular concern to the local community?

it is leaking

What evidence suggests that this facility (HFSF) does pose a significant risk to Honolulu's drinking water supply?

it is leaking and contaminating drinking water

What is the legal basis for the Hawaiian sovereignty movement?

kingdom never relinquished its sovereignty, thus it still exists

Where does a bulk of military controlled lands in hawai'i come from? - Why is this controversial for the Native Hawaiian community?

lands that were seized from the King Dom of Hawai'i

What Tank upgrade alternative option does the Navy currently support?

leak detection, soil vapor & groundwater monitoring, additional monitoring wells,

How were Native Micronesians depicted in US propaganda films?

like they were willing participants, and they were savages so we were "saving them"

According to experts, if human kind does nothing to abate current CO2 emissions, how much will our oceans rise by the end of the century?

more than 3 ft

How has the exploitative nature of Hawai'i's tourism industry influence Hawai'i's sovereignty movement?

māhele = plantations plantations = overthrow & annexation annexation = americanization americanization = US military & economy US tourism = population boom & urbanization increased population & urbanization = high cost of housing/living high cost of housing/living = mass evictions mass evictions = frustrated & furious population = fuel for sovereignty movement

Why do some experts liken Hawai'i's economy to that of a 3rd world country?

only 50% of tourism generated revenue reaches Hawai'i's internal economy the least "leaks" out of state to foreign investors

Why are the number surrounding Hawai'i's statehood vote misleading?

only US citizens allowed to vote (including military residents and their dependents) only 35% of Hawaiian electorate voted for statehood

Committee of Safety (role in the overthrow)

orchestrated overthrow as apart of overall US annexation plans -Jan 16,1893 requests US minister John L. Stevens to land troops

nation-within-nation

pros: 400 nations recognized w/in US, protected under US, establish direct Hawaiian relationship with federal gov't cons; requires congressional support, no access to international community, still under US control, still subject to militarization

Explain the metaphor used by Dr. Trask to describe cultural exploitation by Hawai'i's tourism industry

prostitution culture is exploited to sell

Explain the new ocean phenomenon known as the Blob (What is it, what causes it, and why it's significant)

recent phenomenon of warm ocean water extending between Alaska, California, and Hawai'i caused by prolonged period of weaker winds over the ocean, which prevents the warm surface water from mixing with deep cooler waters in 20 yrs Hawai'i could start seeing mass coral bleaching events every year

Why was the Queen arrested and put on trial?

she was accused of misprision of treason -13 counts including: procurement of arms, ammunition, and men

What are the 4 main sovereignty models?

state-within-state nation-within-nation free association independence

Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (Declaration on Decolonization)

supported the granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples in providing an inevitable legal linkage between self-determination and its goal of decolonisation, It postulated a new international law-based right of freedom also in economic self-determination

What tank upgrade alternative option does the BWS currently support?

tank w/in a tank option; if not feasible then tank removal

Despite U.S. efforts to annex Hawaiʻi, why does its claim to sovereignty still exist?

the kingdom never relinquished its sovereignty, thus it still exists

Ua mau ke ea o ka 'āina i ka pono

the life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness ea = sovereignty

What are the findings of the Morgan Report with regard to the overthrow?

the queen was responsible

Why are toxic military dumps in the ocean surrounding Hawai'i a potential problem for the community?

they are washing up on land, and people are finding them

Why are current carbon dioxide levels the cause of great concern?

they are ~410 ppm, which is 40% higher than pre-industrial levels, higher than at ANY time in human history

Why has this development throughout Waikiki & Honolulu negatively impacted local residents more than it has helped?

they got pushed out of their homes, and became homeless

How does the large military presence affect housing the islands especially on O'ahu?

they often take the houses away from locals

How does the vicious cycle of cultural misrepresentation at the hands of the tourism industry work?

tourism industry fabricates an image, visitors expect to experience that image, tourism industry makes that image a reality

Why is the commodification of culture and place dangerous for Hawai'i?

tourists indirectly influence the look & feel of Hawai'i, Hawai'i portrayed inaccurately; false

Bayonet Constitution of 1887 (Who wrote it? Who was it forced upon? What was the motive for it? What did it do to citizenry & Mō'ī?)

written by Lorrin Thruston forced to sign by Kalākaua motivated by US businessmen who believed the natives were unfit to govern themselves the Mō'ī doesn't have power to declare new constitution

Lorrin Thurston (role in the overthrow)

wrote the Bayonet Constitution

Honolulu Rifles (Who are they? What is their role in the Bayonet Constitution?)

~200 well trained Haole militia, outwardly loyal to the Queen but secretly out to protect Haole interest

What other impacts will sea-level rise have on the Hawaiian Islands?

~25,800 acres will be flooded ~38 miles of coastal roads would be flooded ~550 cultural sites would be flooded -13 miles of beaches could be lost