HY 102 Ch 17

By the eighteenth century, the elite of Spanish colonial society

came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in Spain.

During the sixteenth century, the Portuguese

dominated but did not fundamentally alter the pattern of Indian Ocean trade.

The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also

gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies

In seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe, guild masters

guarded their guild privileges jealously.

Population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century occurred

in all regions.

debt peonage

is a system where an employer compels a worker to pay off a debt with work.

Arthur Young, an eighteenth-century agricultural experimentalist, advocated

large-scale enclosure as a necessary means to achieve progress

Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed

the Atlantic economy

Between 1700 and 1835, Europe's population

doubled

What was the result of the War of the Austrian Succession?

An inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare

In the eighteenth century, the West's largest and richest city was

London.

Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?

The dutch east india company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe

Atlantic slave trade

The forced migration of Africans across the Atlantic for slave labor on plantations and in other industries; the trade reached its peak in the eighteenth century and ultimately involved almost 12 million Africans.

Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century?

The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively.

enclosure

The movement to fence in fields in order to farm more effectively, at the expense of poor peasants who relied on common fields for farming and pasture.

Holland's leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to

The necessity to provide for a densely populated country

From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France?

The position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion

Map 17.2: The Atlantic Economy in 1701 shows trade from Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Asia. What was sent from the Americas to Europe?

Tobacco, silver, sugar, and furs

economic liberalism

markets should decide prices instead of governments, competition is good because it produces variety.capitalism, free enterprise, private property is a good thing.

Which of the following characterizes the condition of peasants in western Europe in the eighteenth century?

They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children.

Map 17.1: Industry and Population in Eighteenth-Century Europe suggests a relationship between population density and the growth of textile production. This leads to the conclusion that textile production was concentrated in

rural areas with relatively dense populations.

Britain's great rival for influence in India in the eighteenth century was

France.

The British won the American component of the Seven Years' War owing to

the size and strength of British naval power.

Within the family, the operation of the loom

was reserved for the male head of household.

People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas were referred to as

Creoles

The following is an excerpt from Olaudah Equiano's autobiography in which he described an alternative to the slave trade (Evaluating the Evidence 17.3):"This I conceive to be a theory founded upon facts, and therefore an infallible one. If the blacks were permitted to remain in their own country, they would double themselves every fifteen years. In proportion to such increase will be the demand for manufactures. Cotton and indigo grow spontaneously in most parts of Africa; a consideration this of no small consequence to the manufacturing towns of Great Britain. It opens a most immense, glorious, and happy prospect—the clothing, & c. of a continent ten thousand miles in circumference, and immensely rich in productions of every denomination in return for manufactures."In the passage, Equiano stressed the idea that his argument against the slave trade was

based on facts.

The following is an excerpt from Olaudah Equiano's autobiography in which he described an alternative to the slave trade (Evaluating the Evidence 17.3):"This I conceive to be a theory founded upon facts, and therefore an infallible one. If the blacks were permitted to remain in their own country, they would double themselves every fifteen years. In proportion to such increase will be the demand for manufactures. Cotton and indigo grow spontaneously in most parts of Africa; a consideration this of no small consequence to the manufacturing towns of Great Britain. It opens a most immense, glorious, and happy prospect—the clothing, & c. of a continent ten thousand miles in circumference, and immensely rich in productions of every denomination in return for manufactures."In the passage, Equiano stressed the advantages the abolition of slavery would bring to

English manufacturers.

The following is an excerpt from Adam Smith's description of the pin industry (Evaluating the Evidence 17.2):"I have seen a small manufactory of this kind where ten men only were employed, and where some of them consequently performed two or three distinct operations. But though they were very poor, and therefore but indifferently accommodated with the necessary machinery, they could, when they exerted themselves, make among them about twelve pounds of pins in a day. There are in a pound upward of four thousand pins of a middling size. Those ten persons, therefore, could make among them upward of forty-eight thousand pins in a day."In this passage, Adam Smith suggested that

the division of labor facilitated the use of unskilled labor.

The following is an excerpt from Arthur Young's treatise on enclosure (Evaluating the Evidence 17.1):"Respecting open field lands, the quantity of labour in them is not comparable to that of enclosures; for, not to speak of the great numbers of men that in enclosed countries are constantly employed in winter in hedging and ditching, what comparison can there be between the open field system of one half or a third of the lands being in fallow, receiving only three ploughings; and the same portion now tilled four, five, or six times by Midsummer, then sown with turnips, those hand-hoed twice, and then drawn by hand, and carted to stalls for beasts; or else hurdled out in portions for fatting sheep! What a scarcity of employment in one case, what a variety in the other!"Based on this passage, it is reasonable to conclude that Young believed that

the enclosure system was more labor intensive than the traditional open-field system.