Immunology #6
For an infectious disease actually to develop in a host, a microorganism must
penetrate the skin or mucous membrane barrier (first line of defense), survive natural body defense mechanisms, survive adaptive body defense mechanisms
The CDC suggests that any confirmed equivocal or ___ test results for toxoplasmosis should be retestested using a different assay
positive
Given to HIV-negative indivduals
preventive vaccine
The substance deteced by the RPR assay is
reagin
a term for nontreponemal antibodies produced by syphilis-infected patients against components of their own or other mammalian cells is
reagin antibodies
Erythema chronicum migrans (ECM) is the ____ caused by tick bite
red bull's eyes rash & spirochete-infected skin lesion
If an RPR assay is negative but has a rough appearance what is an appropriate follow-up step
repeat the assay with serial dilutions
PCR assay for T. gondii can be performed on
serum or plasma, fresh or frozen biopsy tissue & cerebrospinal fluid
Reactivation of the virus results in the characteristic clinical manifestation of ____
shingles
Given to high risk individuals
smallpox vaccine
parasites can avoid being phagocytized because of
their ability to migrate away from an inflamed area
For HIV-positive patients to improve immune system
therapeutic vaccine
Hydrocephalus, intracranial calcification, and retinochoroiditis are the most common manifestations of tissue damage
toxoplasmosis
A zoonosis is any infectious disease that can be
transmistted (by a vector) from other animals, both wild and domestic, to humans
All mammals can transmit T. gondii by
transplacental transmission
MHA-TP test
treponemal method
The best evidence of toxoplasmosis infection is a significant change in
two appropriately timed specimens and analyzed at the same time, & acute and convalescent specimens
Fungal infections are increasing worldwide because of
use of immunosuppressive drugs and/or development of disease that produce an immunocompromised state
Preferred host for larval and nymphal stages of I. scapularis
white-footed mouse
Preferred host for I. scapularis adult stage
white-tailed deer
Pathogens adapted for biologic warfare include which of the following? 1. Smallpox 2. Bacillus anthracis 3. Chickenpox 4. Q fever
1,2,4
Toxoplasma gondii antibody assay can demonstrated antibodies within ___ after infection
2 weeks
In infected donor blood, treponema pallidum does not appear to survive in citrrated blood stored at 4C for more than
3 days
Syphilis develops in what percentage of the sexual partners of persons with syphilitic lesions
30%-50%
Treponemes may remain viable for ___ in tissue specimens from diseases animals
5 days
On the relative value of scoring of Lyme disease, Lyme borreliosis is highly likely if the score is
7 or higher
Protection against bioterrorism
Anthrax vaccine
Causative agent B. afzelii
Associated with chronic skin conditions acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA) in Europe
Causative agent B. garinii
Associated with neruologic symptoms in Europe
Found in easteren mediterranean countries, the balkans and the cooler areas of North Africa
Bejel
The TORCH immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG assay includes detection of
CYtomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus, and Rubella
congenital toxoplasmosis can result in
Central nervous system malfformation, prenatal mortality
The most frequent manifestation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) is
Cold sore
The most common congenital virus infection
Cyomegalovirus (CMV)
Not available for preventing congenital infection
Cytomegalovirus vaccine
Vector-Borne Diseases: Virus, worldwide: tropical regions; Vector aedesaegypti
Dengue fever
the preferred method for detection of T. gondii is
ELISA
One of the most widely available assays for anntibody in Lyme disease is
ELISA for total IgM or IgG antibodies
Ehrlichia species development stage first stage
Enter a leukocyte by phagocytosis and multiply rapidly
Histoplasmosis, Aspergillosis, Coccidioidomycosis are examples of
Fungal diseases
the HLA antigens ___ & ____ may increase the risk that Lyme arthritis will become chronic and fail to respond to antibiotic therapy
HLA-DR2 & HLA-DR4
DNA-based vaccine
Hay fever vaccine
Protection against cervical cancer
Human papillomavirus vaccine
Geographic area of prevalence: Western U.S.
I. pacificus
Geographic area of prevalance: Asia
I. persulcatus
Geographic area of prevalance: Europe
I. ricinus
Geographic area of prevalence: Northeastern and midwestern U.S
I. scapularis (formerly classified as I. dammini)
High levels of circulating ____ may cause hypersensitivity reactions in helminth and cestode infections
IgE
Antibodies associated with body defenses against parasites include ____- type antibodies
IgG & IgE
Factors that can influuence exposure to, or actual development of an infectious disease include
Immune status of an indivdual, pathogenicity of the microbial agent, appropriate portal of entry
Annual vaccination required
Influenza vaccine
The earliest host response to vaccination is a(n):
Innate immune response
Presence of gummas
Late (tertiary) syphilis
Diagnosis only by serologic methods
Latent syphilis
Successful in cats
Leukemia vaccine
Characteristic clinical findings, history of exposure in endemic area, & erythema migrans (EM) or an antibody response to borrelia burgodorferi observable by ELISA oor westeren blot techniques is used for diagnosis of
Lyme diseas (US)
The presence of erythema migrans, at least one objective, late-manifesting sign ofmusculosskeletal, neurologic or cardiovascular disease for antibody to borrelia burgdorferi, positive serologic evidence is a clinical definition of
Lyme disease
Major immunologic defense mechanisms against bacteria include
Lysozyme & Phagocytosis
a biologic false-positive reactoin is least likely to occur with syphilis assay
MHA-TP & FTA-ABS
Ehrilichia species development stage final stage
Morular, or "mulberry", forms.
The majority of cases of lyme disease in the U.S. remain concentrated in ___regions
Northeastern, North-central, & Pacific coastal
the most sensitive assay for the detection of congenital syphilis is
PCR
Found only in Latin America, and infection is limited to the skin
Pinta
Has reduced disease by 99%
Polio vaccine
The CLIA-waived procedure for presumptive testing for lyme disease is
PreVue assay for borrelia burgdorferi
Development of a chancre
Primary syphilis
To meet FDA requirements, a vaccine must
Produce protective immunity with only minimal side effects. Be immunogenic enough to produce a strong and measurable immune response. Be stable during its shelf life.
Sequelae of virus infection include three distinct neurologic sydnromes
Rubella
Generalized illnesss followed by macular lesion sin most patients
Secondary syphiis
Very early infection , even before the first lesion
Spirochetemia
the burden of adaptive immunity in preventing the spread of viruses rests on
T lymphocytes
A spectrum of congenital defects
TORCH syndrome
FTA-ABS test
Treponemal method
Causative agent Borrellia burgodorferi strains
United states
The center for biologics evaluation and research (CBER) regulates
Vaccine products
Common in the Caribbean, Latin America, Central Africa, and the far east
Yaws
Before clinical or serologic manifestations, the incubation period for syphilis usually lasts
about 3 weeks
Patients with lyme arhritis should demonstrate positive findings for
antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi
Symptoms of acquired T. gondii infection can
be mild, resemble infectious mononucleosis
Is not considered a major source of human infection of T gondii
bloody body fluids
What is the causative agent of Lyme disease
borrelia burgdorferi
a microorganism can survive phagocytosis if it possesses a
capsule
the type of antigen used in the RPR card procedure is
carbon-particle cardiolipin
Tertiary syphilis is best evaluated by using
cerebrospinal fluid
Primary infection with the virus reults in the clinical manifestations of __
chickenpox
Toxoplasma-infected mothers who are not treated can give birth to a(n)
congenitally infected infant
IgM antibodies to T. gondii in an adult are an indication of
current or recent infection
Direct examination of treponemes is most often done by ___microscopy
darkfield
Antibody and cell-mediated responses to an infectious agent become acctivated in a few ___ in immunocompetent individuals
days
major sources of increasing human infection with T. gondii include
fecal contamination of food with the T gondii ogranism, infected meat, & raw, infected milk
Lyme disease usually occurs during the summer with the majority of patients suffering from
flu-like symptoms and Erythema migrans (EM)
Presence of antiphagocytic capsule, resistance to digestion within macrophages, destruction of phagocytes (e.g. neutrophils) are survival mechanisms of
fungi that succeessfully invade the body
Fungal infections can be opportunistic infections in patients who
have AIDS, are immunosuppressed with mediccations, are transplant patients receving antirejection medicines
The definitive host of oToxoplasma gondii is the
house cat
immune responses to parasitic infection include
immunoglobuin production, antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity, cell defenses, suchh as eosinophils and T lymphocytes
Babesiosis
infects red blood cells
Serologic assays for lyme disease are
insensitive during first several weeks of infection
A major body defense against viral infections is
interferon
Transfusion-transmitted toxoplasmosis is associated with
leukocyte concentrates
Vaccines can be divided into ___ and ____vaccines
live, attenuated; nonreplicating
A key immunologic substance against bacteria is
lysozyme
West Nile virus
member of Japanese encephalitis group
Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) are
members of human herpesviruses
RPR test
nontreponemal method
The nontreponemal antibody produced by syphilis-infected patients can also be produced by patients with
other infectious diseases, leprosy,tuberculosis, leptospirosis, or maliara, autoimmune disorders, drug addictions or old age