Immunology #6

For an infectious disease actually to develop in a host, a microorganism must

penetrate the skin or mucous membrane barrier (first line of defense), survive natural body defense mechanisms, survive adaptive body defense mechanisms

The CDC suggests that any confirmed equivocal or ___ test results for toxoplasmosis should be retestested using a different assay

positive

Given to HIV-negative indivduals

preventive vaccine

The substance deteced by the RPR assay is

reagin

a term for nontreponemal antibodies produced by syphilis-infected patients against components of their own or other mammalian cells is

reagin antibodies

Erythema chronicum migrans (ECM) is the ____ caused by tick bite

red bull's eyes rash & spirochete-infected skin lesion

If an RPR assay is negative but has a rough appearance what is an appropriate follow-up step

repeat the assay with serial dilutions

PCR assay for T. gondii can be performed on

serum or plasma, fresh or frozen biopsy tissue & cerebrospinal fluid

Reactivation of the virus results in the characteristic clinical manifestation of ____

shingles

Given to high risk individuals

smallpox vaccine

parasites can avoid being phagocytized because of

their ability to migrate away from an inflamed area

For HIV-positive patients to improve immune system

therapeutic vaccine

Hydrocephalus, intracranial calcification, and retinochoroiditis are the most common manifestations of tissue damage

toxoplasmosis

A zoonosis is any infectious disease that can be

transmistted (by a vector) from other animals, both wild and domestic, to humans

All mammals can transmit T. gondii by

transplacental transmission

MHA-TP test

treponemal method

The best evidence of toxoplasmosis infection is a significant change in

two appropriately timed specimens and analyzed at the same time, & acute and convalescent specimens

Fungal infections are increasing worldwide because of

use of immunosuppressive drugs and/or development of disease that produce an immunocompromised state

Preferred host for larval and nymphal stages of I. scapularis

white-footed mouse

Preferred host for I. scapularis adult stage

white-tailed deer

Pathogens adapted for biologic warfare include which of the following? 1. Smallpox 2. Bacillus anthracis 3. Chickenpox 4. Q fever

1,2,4

Toxoplasma gondii antibody assay can demonstrated antibodies within ___ after infection

2 weeks

In infected donor blood, treponema pallidum does not appear to survive in citrrated blood stored at 4C for more than

3 days

Syphilis develops in what percentage of the sexual partners of persons with syphilitic lesions

30%-50%

Treponemes may remain viable for ___ in tissue specimens from diseases animals

5 days

On the relative value of scoring of Lyme disease, Lyme borreliosis is highly likely if the score is

7 or higher

Protection against bioterrorism

Anthrax vaccine

Causative agent B. afzelii

Associated with chronic skin conditions acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA) in Europe

Causative agent B. garinii

Associated with neruologic symptoms in Europe

Found in easteren mediterranean countries, the balkans and the cooler areas of North Africa

Bejel

The TORCH immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG assay includes detection of

CYtomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus, and Rubella

congenital toxoplasmosis can result in

Central nervous system malfformation, prenatal mortality

The most frequent manifestation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) is

Cold sore

The most common congenital virus infection

Cyomegalovirus (CMV)

Not available for preventing congenital infection

Cytomegalovirus vaccine

Vector-Borne Diseases: Virus, worldwide: tropical regions; Vector aedesaegypti

Dengue fever

the preferred method for detection of T. gondii is

ELISA

One of the most widely available assays for anntibody in Lyme disease is

ELISA for total IgM or IgG antibodies

Ehrlichia species development stage first stage

Enter a leukocyte by phagocytosis and multiply rapidly

Histoplasmosis, Aspergillosis, Coccidioidomycosis are examples of

Fungal diseases

the HLA antigens ___ & ____ may increase the risk that Lyme arthritis will become chronic and fail to respond to antibiotic therapy

HLA-DR2 & HLA-DR4

DNA-based vaccine

Hay fever vaccine

Protection against cervical cancer

Human papillomavirus vaccine

Geographic area of prevalence: Western U.S.

I. pacificus

Geographic area of prevalance: Asia

I. persulcatus

Geographic area of prevalance: Europe

I. ricinus

Geographic area of prevalence: Northeastern and midwestern U.S

I. scapularis (formerly classified as I. dammini)

High levels of circulating ____ may cause hypersensitivity reactions in helminth and cestode infections

IgE

Antibodies associated with body defenses against parasites include ____- type antibodies

IgG & IgE

Factors that can influuence exposure to, or actual development of an infectious disease include

Immune status of an indivdual, pathogenicity of the microbial agent, appropriate portal of entry

Annual vaccination required

Influenza vaccine

The earliest host response to vaccination is a(n):

Innate immune response

Presence of gummas

Late (tertiary) syphilis

Diagnosis only by serologic methods

Latent syphilis

Successful in cats

Leukemia vaccine

Characteristic clinical findings, history of exposure in endemic area, & erythema migrans (EM) or an antibody response to borrelia burgodorferi observable by ELISA oor westeren blot techniques is used for diagnosis of

Lyme diseas (US)

The presence of erythema migrans, at least one objective, late-manifesting sign ofmusculosskeletal, neurologic or cardiovascular disease for antibody to borrelia burgdorferi, positive serologic evidence is a clinical definition of

Lyme disease

Major immunologic defense mechanisms against bacteria include

Lysozyme & Phagocytosis

a biologic false-positive reactoin is least likely to occur with syphilis assay

MHA-TP & FTA-ABS

Ehrilichia species development stage final stage

Morular, or "mulberry", forms.

The majority of cases of lyme disease in the U.S. remain concentrated in ___regions

Northeastern, North-central, & Pacific coastal

the most sensitive assay for the detection of congenital syphilis is

PCR

Found only in Latin America, and infection is limited to the skin

Pinta

Has reduced disease by 99%

Polio vaccine

The CLIA-waived procedure for presumptive testing for lyme disease is

PreVue assay for borrelia burgdorferi

Development of a chancre

Primary syphilis

To meet FDA requirements, a vaccine must

Produce protective immunity with only minimal side effects. Be immunogenic enough to produce a strong and measurable immune response. Be stable during its shelf life.

Sequelae of virus infection include three distinct neurologic sydnromes

Rubella

Generalized illnesss followed by macular lesion sin most patients

Secondary syphiis

Very early infection , even before the first lesion

Spirochetemia

the burden of adaptive immunity in preventing the spread of viruses rests on

T lymphocytes

A spectrum of congenital defects

TORCH syndrome

FTA-ABS test

Treponemal method

Causative agent Borrellia burgodorferi strains

United states

The center for biologics evaluation and research (CBER) regulates

Vaccine products

Common in the Caribbean, Latin America, Central Africa, and the far east

Yaws

Before clinical or serologic manifestations, the incubation period for syphilis usually lasts

about 3 weeks

Patients with lyme arhritis should demonstrate positive findings for

antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi

Symptoms of acquired T. gondii infection can

be mild, resemble infectious mononucleosis

Is not considered a major source of human infection of T gondii

bloody body fluids

What is the causative agent of Lyme disease

borrelia burgdorferi

a microorganism can survive phagocytosis if it possesses a

capsule

the type of antigen used in the RPR card procedure is

carbon-particle cardiolipin

Tertiary syphilis is best evaluated by using

cerebrospinal fluid

Primary infection with the virus reults in the clinical manifestations of __

chickenpox

Toxoplasma-infected mothers who are not treated can give birth to a(n)

congenitally infected infant

IgM antibodies to T. gondii in an adult are an indication of

current or recent infection

Direct examination of treponemes is most often done by ___microscopy

darkfield

Antibody and cell-mediated responses to an infectious agent become acctivated in a few ___ in immunocompetent individuals

days

major sources of increasing human infection with T. gondii include

fecal contamination of food with the T gondii ogranism, infected meat, & raw, infected milk

Lyme disease usually occurs during the summer with the majority of patients suffering from

flu-like symptoms and Erythema migrans (EM)

Presence of antiphagocytic capsule, resistance to digestion within macrophages, destruction of phagocytes (e.g. neutrophils) are survival mechanisms of

fungi that succeessfully invade the body

Fungal infections can be opportunistic infections in patients who

have AIDS, are immunosuppressed with mediccations, are transplant patients receving antirejection medicines

The definitive host of oToxoplasma gondii is the

house cat

immune responses to parasitic infection include

immunoglobuin production, antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity, cell defenses, suchh as eosinophils and T lymphocytes

Babesiosis

infects red blood cells

Serologic assays for lyme disease are

insensitive during first several weeks of infection

A major body defense against viral infections is

interferon

Transfusion-transmitted toxoplasmosis is associated with

leukocyte concentrates

Vaccines can be divided into ___ and ____vaccines

live, attenuated; nonreplicating

A key immunologic substance against bacteria is

lysozyme

West Nile virus

member of Japanese encephalitis group

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) are

members of human herpesviruses

RPR test

nontreponemal method

The nontreponemal antibody produced by syphilis-infected patients can also be produced by patients with

other infectious diseases, leprosy,tuberculosis, leptospirosis, or maliara, autoimmune disorders, drug addictions or old age