India
Brahman
Highest caste; priest, teachers, judges
Brahma, Shiva, Vishnu
Hindu triad; most important gods in the Hindu temple
Nonviolent resistance
The Indian National Congress political party used both parliamentary and ____ ____ and non-cooperation to agitate for independence.
Indpendence
The immediately preceding caste that became a subject of debate and more than one view emerged about its importance in society
Nonviolent resistance; peace/love
What was Gandhi's most powerful weapon against the British? What did he believe was more powerful than violence?
A little self-rule wouldn't end and the process might break up their empire
What were Britain's main complaint of the idea of giving India a self-government?
Aug. 15, 1947
When did India become independent w/ Jawaharlal Nehru as Prime Minister?
1947; untouchability
After India became an independent nation in ___, its new constitution outlawed the practice of ____.
atman
Divine essence or soul in each living thing
Durga Puja
East festival involves worship of a god Durga; ceremonial worship of mother goddess
Nirvana
Emancipation from ignorance and the extinction of all attachments
Diwali
Festival of lights; celebrated by lighting oil lamps and setting off fireworks; people worship Lakshmi, god of wealth; important to business people
Sikhism
Founded in 16th century in Punjab by Guru Nanak; most important thing is internal religious state of individual; monotheistic religion that stresses the importance of doing good than carrying out rituals
Harijans
Gandhi renamed the Untouchables this; "children of God"; tried to convince orthodox Hindus to admit them into their temples and everyday lives
Shiva
Great creator-destroyer; believed to keep universe in balance w/ cosmic dance
Brahman
Group of caste that must avoid contact w/ dirt and can't eat foods like meat (considered polluted)
Kshatriyas
Group of caste where their traditional role is to defend the society from invaders and robbers and are expected to be brave and high-minded; warriors
Vaishyas
Group of caste's specialty are agriculture and cattle raising; farmers and merchants
Holi
Celebrates the end of winter; colorful festival, powder paint, colored water; celebrates Krishna and legend of Holika and Prahlad
Dussehra
Celebrates the triumph of good over evil; celebrated in diff. ways and Hindu god Rama's victory over King Ravana
Yoga
Comes from the same root as verb to yoke or "bind together"
Karma
Concept that helps to explain diff. in status that might otherwise be considered unfair
Dharma
Considered to be a divine law; "duty one has to perform" and "law of one's being"
Varna
Denotes the fourfold division of Indian society; "color"; refers to the classic, or ideal, division of society
Jati
Quality of ritual purity is the most important factor in determining the rank in society
Spin/make own clothes and make salt
2 ways Gandhi peacefully resisted British rule?
Sikhism
Aim is to see the divine order that God has given to everything and through it to understand the nature of God; believe God can't be understood properly but can be experienced thru love, worship, contemplation
Vedas
Ancient scriptures of India
Jan. 13, 1948
Assassination of Gandhi by Nathuran Godse
Gender
Basis fundamental division of work force
M- poor, H- landowners
Between Muslims and Hindus, who were usually the poor peasants/landless workers and who were often the landowners?
24 days; Dandhi
How long did 61 yo Gandhi's 200-mile march last? Where did it end?
28
How many states in India?
Ahimsa
Idea that there's a bond among all living thing follows from the Hindu concept of God and the doctrine of karma
Caste
In ancient India, society was organized so that each specialized job was performed by a specific group
Crown jewel
In the British Empire, what was India considered as?
Republic
India became a ____, but chose to continue as a member of the British Commonwealth, after publicizing its constitution on Jan. 26, 1950.
Diwali
India's biggest and most important holiday; gets name from row (avali) of clay lamps (deepa); celebrated in Oct. or Nov.; originated as harvest festival
Middle class
India's emerging class that consists of about 50-75 million people; many would say there is no longer such thing as a caste
Untouchables
Lowest rank in caste system; do work that's considered dirty
Brahma
Original creation of world; not worshiped as personal god; 1st god of triad
Hindu
Originally meant "Indian"; originated over 4000 years ago; represents 1 of the oldest continuous traditions in the world; no central messiah/prophet instead sages/saints
Mehndi or henna
Paste that's designed on the palms on the palms on the women on special occasions like engagement, marriage, or festive celebrations.
Hinduism
Practiced by the majority of people in India; believe every living thing has a spirit/soul that comes from Brahma; largest religious group in India and began in India; belief had guided Indians for many centuries
Yoga
Provides a path to the goal of karma
bhakti; dharma; yoga
Religion and culture are nearly interchangeable terms in Hinduism, emotive expressions are used to depict essential aspects of the religion like: ____ (devotion), ____ (what is right), or _____ (discipline)
Moksha
Represents a type of salvation that's unknown in the religions of the west
Indian partition
Resulted in one of the largest and fastest population exchanges in history; worst violence scenes; largest migration
Morley
Sec. of State
Sudras
Servants to the other 3 castes; perform tasks that involve "pollution" like agricultural labor, leather working, disposing garbage, and laundering; craft-workers and laborers
Spinning wheel
Symbol of national pride
1619
The 1st British outpost in south Asia was established by the English East India Company in ___ at Surat on the NW coast.
Indus
The word "Hindu" is derived from the name of River ____, which flows through northern India.
Raid on government salt mine (G arrested before so followers raided)
Turning point in Gandhi's movement that resulted in a lot of violence/bloodshed
Karma
Ultimate goal is to free the spirit from the cycle of rebirth and bondage to the physical world; stays w/ a person for a lifetime and can determine a person's atma's rebirth into something else
Dharma
Upheld the universe and was the basis of what we see as the ecological cycle of nature; each person/thing has unique properties
Caste
Used to create political allegiances and create obstacles int he path of unity in the colonial quest for monetary exploitation
Jati
Used when speaking of the thousands of sub-castes that exist in practce
Energy source and tilak (ritual mark on forehead)
Uses for cow poo?
Lord Morley
Viceroy of India
Punjab and Bengal; Millions of Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs were on the wrong side of the border
What 2 places were split between India/Pakistan? What did that mean?
House of the People (Lok Sabha) and Council of States (Rajya Sabha)
What does the central parliament in New Delhi consist of?
Yoga
What expresses the highest goal of Hindu (realize the link between humans and God and all living things)?
Story of Prahlad; Holika
What is seen to symbolize good overcoming evil and is why traditionally bonfires are lit at Holi? Effigies of who are burnt?
Human body
What symbol was used to describe Indian society in the earliest mention of caste?
Hindu and Muslim
While most of Indian society in its thousands of villages remained untouched by the political struggles going on around them, what traditions did Indian civilized culture evolved into a blend of?
Hindu/Sikh - India and Muslims - Pakistan; Grand Trunk Road and railway next to it
Who fled to India and Pakistan? What was the major route they traveled along?
Sikh
Who suffered the highest casualties during the partition?
Scared they would be ruled by the other
Why did Hindus and Muslims stop working together for independence when they came loser to their goal?
Vishnu
Worshiped as the preserver of universe; sometimes appears when evil threatens as incarnation to set things right; has 9 diff. avatars w/ 10th to come
1935
Year British allowed Indian nationalists to self-govern
