Inflammation and Tissue Healing Review Questions Part 1

How long do monocytes remain at an injury site for? A. 2-4 hours B. 4-24 hours C. 24-48 hours D. 48-72 hours

C. 24-48 hours

A critical function of inflammation is the delivery of __________. A. All RBC's B. histamine C. All WBC's D. Only mononuclear WBC's E. Macrophages

C. All WBC'

Hageman factor, a chemical mediator of the vascular response has which of the following functions? A. Causes vasoconstriction and decreased permeability B. Causes vasodilation and increased permeability C. Causes vasoconstriction and increased permeability D. Causes vasoconstriction and decreased permeability

C. Causes vasoconstriction and increased permeability

Monocytes are chemotactic for which of the following? A. RBC's B. Fibroblasts C. Eosinophils

B. Fibroblasts

_________is defined as blood within a joint. A. Hematoma B. Hemarthrosis C. Hemarthritis D. Hematoma arthrosis E. None of the above

B. Hemarthrosis

Which of the following converts to macrophages when they leave the blood vessel? A. Neutrophils B. Monocytes D. Lymphocytes E. Eosinophils

B. Monocytes

Which of the following have the highest concentration initially at an injury site and is responsible for getting rid of bacteria and debris (also has a chemotactic fxn)? A. Platelets B. Neutrophils C. Monocytes D. Fibroblasts

B. Neutrophils

What does the term chemotactic mean? A. Stops other mediators from arriving B. Stimulates other mediators C. Nothing D. Slows down the vascular response

B. Stimulates other mediators

Which of the following combinations of treatment would help control increased membrane permeability? A. Ice and elevation B. antihistamine and elevation C. Heat and antihistamine D. Heat and elevation

B. antihistamine and elevation

Which of the following combinations of treatment would help control increased hydrostatic pressure? A. Ice and antihistamine B. compression, elevation, ice C. Ice alone D. antihistamine and compression E. None of the above

B. compression, elevation, ice

Which of the following are chemical mediators during the vascular response? A. Epinephrine B. histamine C. dopamine D. Neurogenic factors

B. histamine

What is the order of the following events during the vascular response? A. Diapedesis B. Emigration C. Margination D. Pavementing

C. D. A. B.

Is inflammation bad? A. Yes B. No C. Depends

C. Depends b/c you must go through inflammatory process to support/accelerate the body's processes of healing. But it could be bad if it goes beyond it's usefulness.

As the permeability continues to increase and more cells are leaking out (increased viscosity and higher SG) the edema is known as: A. Transudate B. Suppurative exudate C. Exudate D. Abcess

C. Exudate

Why does swelling occur during the inflammatory phase? A. From increased vascular permeability, vasoconstriction, and a fluid shift B. From increased vascular permeability, vasodilation, and then vasoconstriction C. From increased vascular permeability, vasodilation, and blocked lymphatics D. From decreased vascular permeability, vasodilation, and blocked lymphatics

C. From increased vascular permeability, vasodilation, and blockage of lymphatics

After leukocytes line the endothelium of the vessel within in 1 hour, also known as margination the following occurs? A. Nothing B. Further margination C. Pavementing D. None of the above

C. Pavementing and further attraction of more WBC's

Which of the following describes hyperemia? A. Decreased blood in the area, appearing blue B. Increased blood in the area, appearing red C. Controlled by neurogenic mediators D. Controlled by chemical mediators E. 3 of the above

E. 3 of the above

Edema formation occurs within the intravascular/extravascular spaces and interstitial/extrastitial spaces.

Extravascular and interstitial.

Which of the following are factors affecting amount of oxygen available to tissues? A. Atmospheric O2 available B. amount of oxygen absorbed by respiratory and circulatory systems C. Volume of blood D. Amount of WBC's present E. 2 of the above F. 3 of the above

F. 3 of the above

T/F. The vascular response can be described as vasodilation and disruption of the microvascular system including bleeding, fluid loss, and cell injury.

False b/c vasoconstriction occurs during vascular response, not vasodilation.

T/F. If pain is decreasing, and the individual is mainly only complaining of stiffness, then mobilization and ice may be used to help alleviate the stiffness.

False, mobilization and heat should be used to help alleviate the stiffness.

T/F. Initial edema with just a few cells and protein is known as exudate.

False, this is called transudate

T/F. Hemarthrosis is defined as an accumulation of blood in tissue.

False. A hematoma is an accumulation of blood in tissue.

T/F. Margination consists of the leukocytes squeezing through the endothelium.

False. Diapedesis consists of leukocytes squeezing through the endothelium.

T/F. The fibrin lattice confines the inflammatory reaction and will not reopen later in the healing process.

False. The fibrin lattice does confine the inflammatory reaction, but it WILL reopen later in the healing process.

T/F. The hemostatic response of the inflammatory phase helps to stimulate blood loss when vessels are damaged.

False. The hemostatic response helps to control blood loss when vessels are damaged.

T/F. Corticosteroids and NSAID's block prostaglandins, which speeds up healing.

False. They do block prostaglandins (so no sensation of pain), but they SLOW the healing process. Also prostaglandins are chemotactic mediators so other mediators will not be signaled.

T/F. The cellular response can tolerate low levels of oxygen, as is the case in acute inflammation.

False. This is the case in chronic inflammation.

_______ and _______ forms cross links to form the fibrin lattice with exposed collagen. (select 2) A. Platelets B. Fibrinogen C. Fibrin D. Fibers E. Fibronectin F. platelet derived growth factor

Fibrin, fibronectin

________ is a chemotactic substance stimulating fibroblasts, macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils. A. Fibrin-derived growth factor B. Non-derivative platelet factors C. Platelet derived growth factor D. Monocyte derived growth factor E. All of the above F. None of the above

Platelet derived growth factor

_______ are the first cell to bind releasing ________ to stimulate clotting. (select 2) A. Macrophages B. Fibrin C. Neutrophils D. Fibrinogen E. Platelets F. Chemotactic mediators

Platelets, fibrin

Prostaglandins do which of the following? (select 3) A. Increase permeability B. Desensitize pain receptors C. Are more active in early stages of inflammation D. Produced in nearly all cells E. Released with injury to the cell membrane F. keep leukoctyes and synergists of other mediators away

A. D. E. They sensitize pain receptors, active in late stages of inflammation, and they attract leukocytes

What are some of the common causes of injury?

Trauma/mechanical, foreign body, or infection

T/F. An area appearing as edema is called transudate, while the area would be considered exudate if you apply pressure and a mark is left. This can lead to suppurative exudate if the area appears edemic, red, swollen, and pus-like.

True

T/F. An area with high levels of leukocytes, known as pus could also be called suppurative exudate.

True

T/F. Hageman factor activates the coagulation system to stop bleeding.

True

T/F. Inflammatory exudate that contains RBC's indicates a larger vascular interruption.

True

T/F. Macrophages are the most effective in the presence of oxygen, which is the reason why it takes chronic smokers a lot longer to heal.

True

T/F. Permeability occurs after the vasodilation portion of the vascular response and lasts a lot longer than vasodilation.

True

T/F. The fibrin lattice forms the temporary plug limiting blood and fluid loss.

True

T/F. The fibrin lattice is the wounds only form of tensile strength.

True

T/F. The phases of tissue healing overlap, and could go forward or backward.

True

T/F. The vascular wall attracts and adheres mediators after injury d/t to vasoconstriction causing a reverse of charges.

True

T/F. The vasoconstriction during the vascular response is mediated by NE, lasting 5-10 minutes and limits blood loss.

True

T/F. A person could have pain, and no heat or swelling, and still be in the inflammatory phase.

True b/c you do not need all 5 signs to be considered in the inflammatory phase.

T/F. Endothelial cell contraction can cause a change in vascular permeability.

True.

Does vasodilation occur before, during, or after vasoconstriction of the vascular response and how long does vasodilation last for (10 min, 1 hour, 10 hours)?

Vasodilation occurs after vasoconstriction during the vascular response and it lasts up to an hour.

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function

List the 4 components of the responses that occur during the inflammatory phase.

vascular, hemostatic, cellular, and immune response

How long do neutrophils remain at an injury site for? A. 1 hour B. 12 hours C. 18 hours D. 24 hours

24 hours

Edema occurs d/t the following physiological causes: (select the correct phrases for each) A. Incr./decr. vascular permeability from initial vasoconstriction/dilation and resultant inflammatory mediators that that incr./decr. membrane permeability. B. Direct/indirect endothelial injury C. Incr./decr. hydrostatic pressure D. Incr./decr. interstitial osmotic pressure E. overwhelmed/de-overwhelmed lymphatics.

A. Increased, vasoconstriction, increased B. Direct C. Increased D. Increased E. Overwhelmed

Which of the following is the most important cell of inflammation and wound healing b/c they are the primary destroyers of bacteria and debris? A. Monocytes B. Neutrophils C. Fibroblasts D. RBC's E. All of the above

A. Monocytes

Which of the following are polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes and which are mononuclear leukocytes? A. Neutrophils B. Lymphocytes C. Eosinophils D. Basophils E. Monocytes

A. Neutrophils - PMN B. Lymphocytes - mononuclear C. Eosinophils - PMN D. Basophils - PMN E. Monocytes - mononuclear

Which of the following are cells that are circulating in the plasma during the cellular response of the inflammatory phase? A. Only erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets B. Only erythrocytes and leukocytes C. Only platelets D. Only leukocytes and platelets E. Only leukocytes

A. Only erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

What are 2 reasons that pain occurs (select 2)? A. From mechanical pressure B. From vasodilation C. From endothelial mediators D. From chemical mediators

A. and D

Match the phase with what is occurring. A. Inflammation phase B. Proliferative phase C. Maturation phase 1. Rebuilds damaged structures 2. modifies collagen/CT and scar to mature tissue 3. prepares wound for healing

A. 3 B. 1 C. 2

What is the primary function of the cellular response during the inflammatory phase? A. Clean debris/fight infection to prepare for proliferative phase B. To decrease permeability, preventing edema, prearing for proliferative phase. C. To prepare the wound for the maturation phase. D. To modify collagen/CT and scar tissue into mature tissue.

A. Clean debris/fight infection to prepare for proliferative phase

Anaphylatoxins are considered which of the following? A. Complement systems that increase permeability B. De-complemented systems that increase permeability C. Complement systems that decrease permeability D. None of the above

A. Complement systems that increase permeability

________is known as a localized collection of pus buried in a confined space. A. Injury B. Abcess C. Exudate D. Boil

B. Abcess

How do vasoactive mediators increase edema? A. By decreasing vascular permeability and vasodilation B. by increasing vascular permeability and vasodilation C. By decreasing leukoctyes in the area D. They do not increase edema

B. By increasing vascular permeability (attracts leukocytes)

What are some of the goals of inflammation and tissue repair in restoring function? A. Eliminate insult B. Replace damaged tissue C. Promote regeneration of normal tissue D. All of the above

D. All of the above

What is extravasation? A. Movement of Eosinophils from center of vessel to the wall B. Movement of neutrophils from vessel wall to the center of the vessel C. Movement of all WBC's from center of vessel to the wall D. Movement of neutrophils from center of vessel to the wall

D. Movement of neutrophils from center of vessel to the wall

Which of the following factors below describe the inflammatory phase? A. Delayed protective response B. Is never harmful C. Typically occurs day 1-6 D. Signs include redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function E. A and D F. A and C G. C and D

G. C and D

Movement of leukocytes through the basement membrane is known as __________. (emigration, margination, or diapedesis)

emigration

Histamine causes edema by causing vasodilation/vasoconstriction of vessels. This leads to an increase/decrease in hydrostatic pressure of vessels, so that fluid leaks out/in of the vessel. This results in increased/decreased permeability to WBC's and some proteins allowing them to/not allowing them to engage pathogens in the infected tissues.

vasodilation, increase, leaks out, increased, allowing them to