Information systems-midterm prep

Internet and Society (on the one hand)

-Free speech-CDA vs. the 1st Amendment -"power to the people"- Decentralization (everyone, everywhere) -Free access to information-Education, health, government -Easier access to different people and views -Knowledgeable consumers-Pure competition

With ERP

-Intergrated systems -Consistent interface -one database -Access to current data -improved planning capabilities -multinational capabilities

Internet and Society(on the other hand)

-Mind control- Google as a gateway to the world -Privacy concerns-Cookies, spyware -HOw credible is the information we receive? -Free access to information may be problematic -A haven for criminal activity, illegal porn, terrorism -Breach of copyright law(music,movies,books)

To appply the systems aproach succesful, one must

-Move from conceptual to operational and from objectives to means -Allocate a seperate time period for each step -do each step independently of the ones following it -carry out each step in an explicit manner and with a written summary

Feedback loops are how systems "learn"

-Output is applied to control the system -Drives the system towards its goal -creates stability

Stackeholder analysis

-brainstorming can identify relevant groups. -Publicizing the fact of change will bring out others

Characteristics of a design thinking approach to challenges

-colloboration and interaction -Multi-disciplinary -Prototyping and frequent iteration -Human-centeredness -wicked problems -Systems-oriented

system-oriented

-design thinking focuses on the relationships between people, things and their environment. -Seeks better solutions at the level of a whole artifact, process or experience

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

-founded in 1986 -Creates and promotes internet standards

Developing programs

-reduce alternatives to a manageable number to rate against one another -scenarios are useful in insuring that all important aspects of the program are covered -cost-benefit analysis based on stakeholder objectives makes scenes at this stage -Programmers and similarly trained technicians tend to rush to this stage

CRM systems

-softare systems that enable organizations to understand their customers better and tailor solutions to customers' needs -generally focus on the creation and use of large customer databases -Includes operational and analytical functionality

How can seeing the world as composed of systems help us

-to initiate a change? -to design something new? -to solve a perceived problem?

feedforward loops

Result from people acting on predictions about the future -This is the concept of a sulf-fulfilling prophecy

customer-facing processes

Result in a product or service that is received by an organization's external customers

Association detection

Reveals the degree to which variables are related and the nature and frequency of the relationships in the information

IP(internet protocol)

Routes packets from one location to the next until their destination

Online collaborative environemets

Support document sharing and collaborative editing (e.g., MS sharepoint)

Armstrong's systems approach

The "systems approach" is a general framework for solving problems. -Addressing a business challenge(e.g., rising costs, a declining revenues) -Creating a new business strategy -changing the culture -Initiating a societal change

Downward Causation. synthesis/systems thinking

The behavior of the parts is to some degree determined by the behavior of the whole

Artificial Intelligence

The branch of computer science that is concerned with producing machines that can manifest intelligent behavior and are capable of learning and adapting -The aim is to automate human tasks that require intelligent behavior: problem solving, decision making, adaptation

hardware

The physical components that enable computing: -central processing unit (cpu) -storage components -input devices -output devices -communications devices

Open systems

The principle of side effects- when you are dealing with a system you never do just one thing

Collaboration

The rise of project - oriented and distributed work

Software

The sets of instructions(i.e., computer programs) that enable computers to perform tasks as well as that encoded data that the programs use

TCP/Ip

The suite of protocols or communications standard that enable data transmission via packet switching

Infrastructure

The underlying foundation or basic infrastructure

Analysis/Reductionism

The whole is determined by the behavior of its part

SCM systems

They are often classified as "procurement systems"

Domain Name server (DNSs)

They are used because an IP address may be hard to remember.

The system analyst

This is a special type of stakeholder: A specialist who studies the problems and needs of an organization to determine how people, data, processes, and information technology can best be combined to bring about improvements in the organization

Control vs. Empowerement

Throwing away the managerial leash

Management Information Systems

Where technology meets business

Augmented Intelligence

Working with machine learning

What is design thinking

a process and perspective that applies a designer's sensiblities and methods to a business challenges or opportunities

2^128 2001:0DB8:AC10:08F1:7CE6:0000:7219

another type

Circuit switching

communications process in which in a single path or line must remain open between sender and receiver to enable transmission

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)

controlling manufacturing process based on designs

3D printing

creating physical prototypes and finished goods based on software models

Market mechanics

decentralizing of choice and evaluation

The evolution of computing devices

decreasing size Increasing computational power Increasing affordability and accessibility Increasing mobility Increasin intergration and embeddedness From scarcity to surplus(e.g., bandwith, memory, computing power)

why should managers care about design thinking?

design thinking is an engine of innovation, and modern business innovatiotion. -contemporary markets increasingly represent "wicked problems" -Remergence of a focus on the desires of the customer

Colloboration and interaction

designing is genrally done is teams, with individuals building on one another's ideas and insights. -The emphasis on collaboration extends beyond the design team to clients and other stakeholders

Systems are janus-faced

looking up, they are parts of wholes. looking down they are whole parts with.

System thinking

looks for circular relations

Database based systems

maintains a central repository of documents and routes editing roles to individuals

Three types of smart machines

movers: Autonomous robots that move items without human intervention Doers: Robots that use sensors, cameras and machine learning to perform "manual" complex tasks Sages: Information-based systems sense context, preferences, and patterns to generate recommendations

Before ERP

multiple systems maintained throughout the organization meant: -Different interfaces -Difficult to extract info about customers, suppliers, orders, etc -Hard to maintain: Many languages and databases, with tremendous inconsistencies -Could take weeks or months to obtain info about customers, or where systems change were needed.

Initial internetworking concepts

open-architecture networking: -No changes required for member networks -Communication on a best effort basis -black boxes would connect the networks -No global control at the operations level

Wicked problems

problems which do not have one definite solution because of how complicated they are. The concept of indeterminacy.

what makes satisfied employees

salary, variety of tasks, challenge, level of discretion

Product design systems

software platforms that enable collaborative teams to design new products and artificial environments

System software

software that organizes and controls the hardware devices and coordinates other software

System

systems are nested meaning that systems sit inside of other systems. Sometimes this makes it hard to tell where one system ends and another system begins

Time-series information

time stamped information collected a particular frequency

Internet Society (ISOC)

-Founded in 1992 -Mission;"To assure the open development, evolution, and use of the internet for the benefit of all people throughout the world"

Key functionality of SCM systems

-Demand planning -warehouse & inventory management -supplier portals -Electronic data interchange (EDC) _ Transportation management & logistics -Business process redesign

systhem thinking "rules"

-Begin by defining the output -Question the boundary -Look both ways- up and down - Expect loops, delays, lagged impacts, and side-effect. Look for them if they are not evident -Identify feedback and feedforward controls. How does the system learn? -Worry about using just one view of a system

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers(ICANN)

-Founded in 1998 -Controls assignment of IP address, domain names, and transport protocols

BI techniques

-Cluster analysis -Association detection -Statistical analysis & forecasting

Nine attitudes for design thinking

1. Curiosity 2. challenging assumptions 3.Constructive dicontent 4.A belief that most problems can be solved 5. The ability to suspend judgment and criticism 6. Seeing the good in the bad 7.problems lead to improvements 8.A problem can be also to a solution 9. Problems are interesting and emotionally acceptable.

IP addresses

A unique numeric identifier for an internet host(i.e device on the internet) -Every host must have an ip address -IPv4: Four segments, called octects

What is systems thinking

A way to see the patterns that connect parts and determine the rules that govern these connections

social network

A social structure made up of individuals (or groups) and the relationships between them; individuals are nodes in the network

People

A stakeholder is anyone who has an interest in an existing or proposed information system e.g owners(CEO), users (administrative staff), designers(networ architects), builders(programmers)

Business processes

A standerdized set of of activities that accomplish a specific task(e.g., processing a customer's order)

Cluster analysis

A technique used to divide an informationset into mutually exclusive groups such that the members of each group are as close together as possible to one another and the different groups are as far apart as possible -CRM systems depend on cluster analysis to segment customer information and identify behavioral traits

enabling flexibility

Allowing individuals to interact in dynamic ways

Colloboration system

An IT based set of tools that supports the work of teams by facilitating the sharing and flow of information

Social Networking service

An online environment designed to enable the creation and enhancement of social networks amongst individuals

Skills of a system analyst

Analytic: -general problem-solving skills -systems thinking Technical: -working knowledge of It (e.g., programming; types of IT) -Understanding the potential and limitations of IT Managerial: -Broad business knowledge and acumen -Flexibility and adaptability Interpersonal: -Good communication skills -character and ethics

The mechinal Era

Babbage- designed the "difference engine" to perform basic mathematical functions Scheutz-Built a machine that processed 15 digit numbers, used to calculate the orbit of mars Hollerith- Punch card machine; used by the US Census Bureau

Mainfram Era

Begins using transistors(developed at Bell laps) Increased computational power; reduced electricity consumption and heat production First supercomputers are developed IBM system 360 mainframe intended for large businesses and universities

TCP(Transmission control protocol)

Breaks application data into packets for transport -reassembles packets on the receiving end -Acknowledges receipt of all packets

Analogies for the system analyst

Bridge, interpreter

Organizational Information systems

Business intelligence, enterprise resource planning(ERP), supply chain management(SCM), Customer relations management(CRM), collaboration platforms, workflow automation, manufacturing systems, delivery systems, financial systems, product design

client/ sever Era

Combining the benefits of the preceding eras- mainframe and Pc Individual PCs(clients) get networked together through more powerful devices, often mainframes (servers) The term "server" refers to both the software that manages access and the devices themselves Example of servers: web, database, print, mail, network.

The disappearance of IT

Computing increasingly becoming "invisible" -Computing devices that are embedded in our environment -They are interconnected through wireless networks -They are context-aware -They enable 'smart' interactive environments

URLs

Converts IP addresses into more easily remembered uniform resource locators

Packet switching

Data is broken up into small packets and datagrams -Individual packets are routed to their destination by the most efficient means available and reassembles at their destination

Information

Data that has been organized in a way to make it useful for solving problems

Multi-disciplinary nature

Design touches upon large classes of human and technical phenomena and capabilities: -Anthropology -Cognitive science

Human-centeredness

Designers focus on the real needs and experiences of individuals and groups-this is the idea of empathy

Workflow

Detailed informatin of all the sequential steps ot business rules required for a business process

An Enterprise view

ERP systems collect data from across an organization and correlate the data, generating an enterprise-wide view

Text-based communication

Email,IM, discoussin boards

Bridging space

Enabling interaction of geographically-distributed groups

Co-creation

Engaging the commitment and effort of customers in creating value

Automating Business processes

Enterprise systems also automate business processes

Data

Facts about the world

Comfort with Failure

Failure as a learning mechanism

Reducing hierarchies

Flattening of organization structures

The power of Iteration

Fostering feedback and evolution of solutions

Identifying objectives

Generaly ignored. no consideration should be given to alternatives at this stage.

2^32 129.21.1.40

IPv6: Hexadecimal format with eight segments

Indicators of success

Identify how changes in the system will affect each of the objectives. -How will you know if you succeeded? -Optimally, indicators will be quantifiable -Use multiple measures

Business Intelligence

Increased emphais on envidence-based management

Groupware

Information and communications technologies (ICTs) that supports team interactions

Messaging-based systems

Informs individuals when thier actions are needed

Core functions of IT

Input-> processing-> output->storage

Enterprise resource planning (ERP)

Integration of departments and functions throughout an organization into a single IT system so that employees can make decisions using enterprise-wide information on all business operations. -Keeping everyone on the same page. -Reducing the potential for errors

Business-facing processes

Invisible to the external customer, but esssential to the effective management of the business

IT infrastructure

It is the shared technology resources that provide the platform for a firm's specific information system applications. -These include hardware and software.

Sharing

Joint creation and exchange of information

Enterprise Social networking

Just like it sounds-social networking software used inside the enterprise

Customer relationship managemt (CRM)

Managing all aspects of a customer's relationship with an organization to increase loyalty and retention (and in turn, an organization's profitability)

what challenges does design thinking pose?

Most managers aren't trained in design approaches: intergrative vs. analytic perspectives, collaboration vs. control Design thinking may imply a more expensive process -The need for moving from vision to implementation -Exploitation vs. exploration

Enterprise/Internet Computing Era

Moving to a common networking standard for tying together all of the devices in an enterprise connects machines using the Internet-specifically, the TCP/Ip standard A protocol is just a standard set of rules for doing somethings. TCP/Ip is the set of rules that create the internet Makes enterprise applications (like we discusssed last week) possible

Business Intelligence

Refers to the exploration and analysis of large quantities of data to discover meaningful patterns and rules: -by automatic(i.e. algorithmic) or semi-automatic means -Focuses on informing strategic and mangerial decisons

MIS triangle

People: The actors who interact in a business process. Business processes: Goal- oriented activities conducted by a business Information technology: Hardware and software used to facilitate business activities

Information systems categories

Personal(phone), Public(apps), Enterprise/Organizational

forecast

Predictions made on basis of time-series information

Acceptance of Ambiguity

Problems and opportunities don't come pre-formed

Prototyping and frequent iteration

Prototyping serves as a tool for learning more about the needs of prospective users -The focus on iteration implies a certain comfort with "incompleteness"

Application software

Software that enables users to perform specific tasks

Workflow management systems

Software that supports the automation and management of activities outlined in a workflow

Computer-aided design (CAD)

Software tools for 2D and 3D modeling of new artifacts

What is a system

Something that maintains its existence and functions through the interactions of its parts

Information technology

The combination of computer technology anf telecommunication technology used in the processing and distribution of data.

Information systems

The combination of people, business processes, and information technology to accomplish business objectives

What is an information system

The combination of people, information technology, and business processes to accomplish a business objective

systems are subject to multiple interpreations

The complexity of reality means that multiple perspectives may be applied.

Interney of Things

The connection of diverse devices to the internet; these devices can thus send and receive data. -Builds upon sensors and computing embedded in the devices -Enables users to access and monitor a network of devices remotely -Examples of "things": vehicles, appliances, industrial machinery, roads, pacemakers- just about anything

Digitization

The conversion of nearly any type of information into a digital format, making it subject to use and manipulation through computing resources. -Access to knowledge" making all text, audio -Enhanced experiences: virtual and augmented reality have "informated" our analog world -Business Model Innovation: creating entirely new classes of good and sevices -Power shifts: The emergence of non-governmental authorities for exchange (bitcoin)

PC Era

The introduction of microcomputers From 1,000 devices per circuit to 100,000 devices per circuit Entire processors can fit on to a single chip- the microprocessor The Winter model windows OS with an intel chip

Supply chain management (SCM)

The management of information and material flows between stages in a supply chain to maximize total supply chain effectiveness and profitability

Alternative strategies

The must be more than one -They should differ substaintially -Include a non-technically solution in the set -Experts are usually trained in only of a small number of strategies

Apocryphally

To provide a communications network that could withstand a nuclear attack -Initial application: email, telnet, file transfer

Design thinking process

Understand Observe Point of view Ideate prototype test

Cloud computing Era

Using the internet to access computing power, software applications, and storage remotely on an "as needed" basis. Cloud computing is kind of like a return to the client/ server model- weaker computers accessing more powerful ones The client devices may have little computing power themselves- that is why we sometimes call them "thin clients" They just need to be connected to the Internet

Videoconferencing

VoIP conferencing (e.g.,skype), video telepresence

Web conferencing

Web-based presentation and demonstration (e.g., WebEx)