InQuizitive 4: Chapter 13/14

What are some biological factors in the development of schizophrenia?

A child whose parents both have schizophrenia has a nearly 50 percent chance of developing the disorder. Drugs that increase the activity of dopamine neurons will increase schizophrenia symptoms. People with schizophrenia have larger brain ventricles and less brain tissue in the frontal and temporal lobes.

Which of the following are characteristics of borderline personality disorder?

A patient may exhibit impulsive behaviors like promiscuity, fighting, binge eating, self-mutilation, and attempted suicide. People with borderline personality disorder may be manipulative in relationships. Episodes of depression, anxiety, anger, or irritability can last from a few hours to a few days.

How do we use self-schemas to process information about ourselves?

A self-schema helps us quickly organize and interpret information about the self. When we process information about ourselves, the middle frontal lobes light up.

Match the types of personality disorders with the clusters they fall into. Cluster A: odd or eccentric behavior Cluster B: dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior Cluster C: anxious or fearful behavior

A: schizotypal, schizoid, paranoid B: narcissistic, borderline, histrionic, antisocial C: avoidant, obsessive-compulsive, dependent

Match the theorists with the major tenets of their personality theories. ciprocal determinism locus of control unconditional positive regard psychosexual development

Albert Bandura Julian Rotter Carls Rogers Sigmund Freud

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Behavior is only viewed by the patient as problematic when it interferes with normal activities, like traveling or maintaining relationships. Patient may feel compelled to eat the same food at precisely the same time and read the newspaper in a particular order. Characterized by excessive neatness and orderliness.

Match Eysenck's biological trait theory dimensions with the corresponding Big Five traits. conscientiousness extraversion neuroticism

Constraight Extraversion Unstable

What are some environmental factors in the development of schizophrenia?

Contracting a virus may play a role in the development of schizophrenia. Being born and raised in an urban environment doubles one's risk of developing schizophrenia.

Match the terms about psychological disorders with their meanings. diagnostic statistical manual mind disorder contributing factors interferes with one's ability to respond appropriately

DSM psychopathology etiology maladaptive

Characteristic Adaptations

Devon loves joking around with friends but is strict with his employees. Carol was a good student when she was in school, and now she channels her perfectionism into baking.

13.2. How Can We Understand Personality? What do research findings reveal about animal personality traits compared to human personality traits?

Differences in animals' personalities cannot be accounted for by age or sex. Like humans, animals reliably show five personality dimensions.

which of the following statements about dissociative identity disorder are true?

Different parts of the brain light up for different personalities. Diagnosis occurs when someone has difficulty accounting for her time.

What might we expect from an adult who was diagnosed with ADHD as a child?

He may struggle academically. He may reach a lower-than-expected socioeconomic status.

How does reciprocal determinism propose that a woman's behavior, personality, and environment will interact to determine how she behaves at a party?

Her behavior will affect the party's atmosphere. The party's atmosphere will affect her behavior. The party's atmosphere will affect her person factors. Her person factors will affect her behavior.

Which of the following are results from twin and adoption personality studies?

Identical twins raised apart have similar personality traits. Adopted children's personalities are not similar to those of the parents who adopt and raise them. There appears to be little parental influence on adopted children's personalities. The correlations of personality traits between identical twins are higher than the correlations for fraternal twins.

Biopsychosocial

Important factors contributing to disorders are brain function, neurotransmitter imbalances, and genetics. Family relationships, socioeconomic status, and culture may influence how one develops a disorder. Thoughts, emotions, personality, and learned experiences may contribute to developing a disorder.

Psychologists have varied explanations for the causes of diseases. Which explanations apply to the diathesis-stress model as opposed to the biopsychosocial model? Diathesis-Stress

Individuals may have an underlying predisposition to mental disorder, but this alone is not enough to cause the disorder. Undergoing stressful circumstances may cause someone to develop a disorder if he is already vulnerable.

Basic Tendencies

Lauren is neurotic and always worries about what others think. Bob is outgoing and extraverted. Jeanne likes variety and adventure.

How do our genetics have an effect on our personalities?

Multiple genes interact with our environment to produce our personalities. One's tendency to seek novelty can be linked to a single gene.

Which of the following demonstrate how a depressed person might think?

Nothing I do makes a difference. I missed my plane because I am poor at planning. The first date went well because of luck. My pizzas never come out perfectly, so I shouldn't waste time making them.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Patient may feel compelled to constantly wash his hands. Rituals often cause distress to the patient. Characterized by specific obsessions and compulsions.

What are some of the drawbacks of using lithium to treat bipolar disorder?

Patients often resent lithium and refuse to take it. It reduces the creative energy of manic states. There is a strong association between bipolar disorder and artistic genius.

Many researchers are skeptical about the existence of dissociative identity disorder, or DID. Which of the following findings do they point to?

People can sometimes come to believe what a therapist has told them. There was a sharp rise in reported cases of DID after the disorder first received popular attention. A diagnosis of DID often occurs after someone has been accused of committing a crime.

Which of the following are characteristics of psychopathy?

People display characteristics like glibness, grandiosity, shallow affect, and cunning or manipulativeness. Psychopaths are often seen as charming and intelligent. Many of the characteristics are similar to APD, but more extreme.

How can psychological factors lead to the development of depression?

People who are experiencing many negative events believe they are powerless to avoid them, so they have no motivation to make positive changes. People's negative thoughts about themselves, their situations, and the future influence each other and contribute to depression. When someone's friends stop hanging out with her because she is a bummer, this may make her depression worse.

Which of the following statements about maintaining a positive sense of self are true?

People with high self-esteem tend to take credit for success and attribute failures to situations outside their control. The self-serving bias reflects healthy psychological functioning.

How does self-esteem relate to life outcomes?

People with higher self-esteem report being much happier. Violent criminals and bullies often have very high self-esteem. People who consider themselves to be smarter or more attractive do not necessarily exhibit these traits objectively.

What is true of the five-factor theory?

People's scores on the Big Five traits can predict satisfaction with their marriages. The five-factor theory is the dominant approach of contemporary personality psychology. People's scores on the Big Five traits can predict their behavior.

What has research found about the stability of traits over one's lifetime?

Personality stability is lowest in young children. Personality stability is highest in adults over 50. Age-related personality changes may have a biological basis.

Match the personality tests with their descriptions A person describes what an ambiguous image appears to be. A person tells a story about an ambiguous picture. A person indicates how well a series of traits describe him. A person wears a device that provides behavioral data.

Rorschach inkblot test Thematic Apperception Test NEO personality inventory personality in everyday life

Distinguish between the sociometer theory of self-esteem and the concept of reflected appraisal.

Self-esteem functions to provide us with cues that we are placing ourselves at risk for social rejection. It is evolutionarily adaptive for us to be motivated to improve our public image.

To what extent do early childhood temperaments predict adult personality?

Socially inhibited children are more likely to become anxious and depressed, have less social support, and be unemployed as adults. Childhood temperaments persist into adulthood. It is possible to predict whether a 6-week-old baby will be shy in later life.

What factors may lead to the development of a dissociative disorder?

Someone with a dissociative disorder may have split off a traumatic event in order to protect his sense of self. Children develop DID to cope with abuse by pretending it is happening to someone else Most people diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder are women who were severely abused as children.

Which of the following are characteristics of agoraphobia?

Someone with agoraphobia will deal with the problem by avoiding open or crowded spaces. Someone with agoraphobia might fear being in a crowded shopping mall or subway.

Match the ways of measuring personality with the evidence that supports (or does not support) their use.

TAT: reliably predicts how likely people are to seek approval and support from others NEO Personality Inventory: can be affected by people's desire to view themselves in a good light EAR: real-world behavior agrees with Big Five traits Rorschach: does a poor job of diagnosing psychological disorders and finds many normal people to be disturbed

Which of the following criteria do psychologists consider to determine whether a behavior is psychopathological?

The behavior is maladaptive. The behavior deviates from cultural norms. The behavior causes discomfort and concern to others. The behavior is self-destructive, threatening, or causes personal distress.

In what circumstances will Ronald's friend's description of him be more accurate than Ronald's description of himself?

The friend knows Ronald very well. The trait being described is important to Ronald.

Which of the following are true about cultural and gender differences in depression?

The leading cause of death for women in China and India is suicide. Twice as many women as men suffer from depression.

What is the prevalence of psychopathology?

The most common disorders are depression, anxiety, ADHD, and substance abuse disorder. About 1 in 2 Americans will develop a psychological disorder at some point in their lives. About 1 in 4 Americans over age 18 has a psychological disorder in any given year.

What do psychologists today think of Freud's theories?

They agree that people's personalities develop based on social interactions. They have largely abandoned psychodynamic theories. Freud's defense mechanisms are now believed to protect self-esteem.

What are some physiological abnormalities exhibited by people with antisocial personality disorder?

They do not feel fear or anxiety. They do not become anxious in the presence of aversive stimuli. They do not experience punishment as unpleasant.

Chapter 14 Which of the following are characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorder?

They may exhibit repetitive behavior that can at times be harmful. They do not make eye contact or use their eyes to direct others' attention. They focus on trivial details rather than social aspects of their surroundings. They show severe impairments in both verbal and nonverbal communication.

What factors play a role in post-traumatic stress disorder?

Those with PTSD often have chronic tension, anxiety, and health problems. The memory of a traumatic event for people with PTSD is "overconsolidated" so the person is always on the alert to experience a similar situation. People with certain genetic markers linked to serotonin may be more likely to develop PTSD.

Which of the following are cognitive patterns associated with anxiety?

Threatening events are recalled more easily than nonthreatening events, and excessive attention is focused on perceived threats. Ambiguous stimuli are interpreted as threatening.

13.4. How Do We Assess Personality? Why are our friends' assessments of our personalities sometimes more accurate than our own

We have blind spots about some aspects of our personality because we want to feel good about ourselves. We may be preoccupied with evaluating other people and fail to notice how we are behaving.

According to Carl Rogers's person-centered approach, which of the following would cause someone to have healthy self-esteem?

a supportive and accepting therapeutic environment no discrepancy between her sense of self and how she believes others perceive her parents who offer unconditional positive regard

Which of the following factors are linked to the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

abnormal activation in frontal lobe regions reduced metabolism in brain regions involved with motor functions and attention impaired connection between frontal lobe and limbic system poor parenting and social disadvantage

Place the relatives in order based on how similar they are likely to be, from least to most similar.

adoptive siblings fraternal twins identical twins

softhearted vs ruthless trusting vs suspcious helpful vs uncooperative

agreeableness

Match the types of anxiety disorder with their descriptions. fear of being in a situation from which one cannot escape fear of being negatively evaluated by others in a social setting fear of something that is disproportionate to the threat nearly constant anxiety not associated with one specific thing sudden attacks of overwhelming terror

agroraphobia social anxiety specific phobia generalized anxiety panic

According to Rotter's expectancy theory, what sorts of cognitions would lead to someone having a studious personality?

an internal locus of control the expectancy that studying will lead to good grades placing a high value on academic success

identify the steps involved in the flowchart below for treating a client for a possible psychological disorder.

assessment-diagnosis-treatment-ongoing assessment

What factors may put a person at risk for developing borderline personality disorder?

being raised by unavailable or unreliable caretakers experiencing physical or sexual abuse observing extreme violence being raised by caregivers who encouraged dependence

Match the depressive and bipolar disorders with their descriptions. alternating between mildly elevated mood for at least four days and extremely depressed mood for two weeks extremely depressed mood or loss of interest in pleasurable activities for two weeks, plus changes in weight or loss of sleep mild or moderate depressed mood most days for at least two years extremely elevated moods (manic episodes) lasting at least one week

bipolar 2 major depressive disorder persistent depressive disorder bipolar 1

The criteria used to determine when someone's emotions, thoughts, and behaviors are disordered have limitations. Match the criteria with the examples of their limitations. One may be distressed about having gained weight in middle age, but his weight gain is not a psychological disorder. Drinking alcohol may interfere with one's ability to respond appropriately, but it is not necessarily a psychological disorder. Failing to study for classes may cause one's parents concern, but it is not a psychological disorder. An eccentrically dressed person putting on a puppet show would not be out of place in Times Square, but in a fancy mall it would be considered odd.

causes the individual distress malaadaptive causes discomfort deviates from cultural norms

McCrae and Costa differentiate between basic tendencies of personality and characteristic adaptations. Which of the following statements apply to characteristic adaptations as opposed to basic tendencies?

change in behavior in response to situational demands based on one's skills and roles

Collectivist

connections to family and social groups conformity to social norms self-concepts determined by social roles obedience to authority

Organized vs. disorganized Careful vs. careless Self-disciplined vs. weak willed

conscientiousness

Place in order the steps a psychologist must take to investigate and understand a disorder.

determine the etiology of the disorder identify and assess the symptoms of the disorder group symptoms into meaningful categories to make a diagnosis identify possible treatments

Distinguish between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Positive Symptoms

disorganized speech hallucinations disorganized behavior delusions

Match the dissociative disorders with their descriptions. memory loss of a block of time or event loss of identity and traveling to a new location two or more distinct identities in one person

dissociative amnesia dissociative fugue dissociative identity disorder

Introverts

distracted by noisy environments typically above optimal level of arousal

Match the factors of Albert Bandura's reciprocal determinism theory of personality with their descriptions The situation at any given moment characteristics, self-confidence, and expectations of success actions in a situation

environment person factors behaviors

Which of the following symptoms may occur in a person suffering from an anxiety disorder?

experiencing difficulty sleeping feeling apprehension about the future feeling tension experiencing difficulty concentrating feeling fear in the absence of a threat

Social vs. retiring Fun-loving vs. sober affectionate vs. reserved

extraversion

Which of the following describe temperament as opposed to personality traits?

general tendencies to feel or act in a certain way represents the innate biological structure of personality stable from the time we are babies

compulsive disorder?

genes that control glutamate, a neurotransmitter that causes increased neural firing in the brain family history of OCD

What biological factors are responsible for depression?

genetic component deficiency of neurotransmitters that regulate emotion

hat major factors are identified in the diathesis-stress model for a high probability of onset of a psychological disorder?

genetic predisposition childhood trauma presence of stressful events

Match the positive symptoms of schizophrenia with their descriptions. false sensory perceptions false beliefs based on misperceptions of reality acting strangely and having problems performing many actions failing to follow a normal conversational structure

hallucination delusion disorganized behavior disorganized speech

Which of the following are characteristics of ADHD?

inattentiveness hyperactivity impulsivity restlessness

Distinguish between borderline personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder.

much more common in woman than in men characterized by disturbances in identity, moods, and impulse control involves a desperate need to be in an exclusive and dependent relationship

Worried vs. calm insecure vs. secure self-pyting vs self satisfied

neuroticism

Which of the following are biological bases for autism spectrum disorder?

nheriting genes for autism abnormal brain growth patterns faulty wiring in brain areas associated with social interaction

Imaginative vs. down to earth Likes variety vs. likes routine independent vs. conforming

openness to experience

Starting from the earliest stage, place in order Freud's stages of psychosexual personality development.

oral anal phallic latent genital

Distinguish between the descriptions and examples that relate to weak situations as opposed to strong situations

party living room restaurant reveals differences in personality

Extroverts

perform better in stimulating settings seek out new emotional experiences chronically under-aroused

Match the person's symptoms and circumstances with the disorder he or she may be at high risk for developing. Billy stepped on a beehive and got stung all over; now when he hears buzzing sounds, his blood pressure increases and he sweats. Sarah felt very anxious after shaking hands with someone who looked like he had a cold, but washing her hands made her feel better. Within a few years, Jane's oldest son, her father, and her husband died. As a child, Ellie, who displayed an inhibited personality, overreacted to new situations by crying. When Joseph was young, his father would periodically exhibit extremely elevated moods and take Joseph on long, wild road trips. After returning home from these binges, his father was exhausted for extended periods of tim

phobia obsessive-compulsive depression social anxiety bipolar

Match the defense mechanism proposed by psychologist Anna Freud with the example of the behavior that best demonstrates it. Billy accused his friend of being an alcoholic, when in reality, Billy himself drank heavily every night. Dorothy had no memory of her mother's death which occurred when Dorothy was seven years old. Jill explained that she broke her dormitory's "no pets" rule because it was too cold for the cat to stay outside. Dana used her credit card to buy clothes even though her account was overdrawn and she had no money. Janet picked fights with Tom and told others he was a terrible person, but in reality, she was attracted to Tom.

projection repression rationalization denial reaction formation

Match each factor of the biopsychosocial model with its emphasis on the etiology of mental disorders. thoughts, emotions, personality, and learned experiences family relationships, socioeconomic status, and cultural context genetics, brain function, and neurotransmitter imbalances

psychological sociocultural biolgoical

Match the ways of assessing a patient's symptoms with the descriptions. The client performs actions, such as copying a picture, that require abilities such as planning, coordinating, or remembering. The psychologist assesses the client's behavior, including degree of eye contact and behavior around others. The psychologist asks the patient about her symptoms and about recent experiences that may have caused distress. The patient fills out a questionnaire to identify symptoms and causes of distress.

psychological test observations interview self-report

Which of the following methods of assessing someone's everyday behavior can provide valid insight into her personality?

recording snippets of her conversation throughout the day looking at how messy her room is analyzing her Facebook profile

Match the types of personality assessments with their descriptions. questionnaire-based assessments that do not try to uncover unconscious influences use ambiguous pictures or stories to examine unconscious processes collecting data about someone's interactions and tendencies

self report measures projective measures personality

Individualist

self-expression self-concepts determined by being distinct from others pursuit of success rights and freedoms diversity

13.1. How Do We Know Our Selves? Match the terms with what they represent about the self. who one believes one is immediate, limited information about the self affective aspect of our sense of self integrated set of memories, beliefs, and generalizations about the self

sense of self working self concept self esteem self schema

What are the basic personality styles that are influenced by genes, as identified by Buss and Plomin?

sociability activity level emotionality

Match the theoretical approaches with the ways they study personality. thought processes unconscious forces characteristics personal growth

social cognitive psychodynamic trait humanistic

According to Eysenck's biological trait theory, all personality traits are categorized along certain dimensions. What are these dimensions?

stable—unstable extraversion—introversion high constraint—low constraint

Match the Freudian structures of personality with the principles they operate on. morality reality principle pleasure principle

superego ego id

In what ways do most people have overly favorable beliefs about themselves?

thinking they are better than average thinking they have personal control over events being unreasonably optimistic

Match Freud's levels of consciousness with their descriptions. thoughts that are not easy to retrieve thoughts people are aware of thoughts that are not currently in awareness but could be brought to awareness

unconscious conscious preconscious

Negative Symptoms

unresponsive emotions slowed behavior slowed speech

Which of the following qualities apply to narcissists?

view themselves in grandiose terms manipulative become angry when challenged feel entitled to special treatment