Intro to Animal Physiology Study Questions
Which of these animals does NOT use cutaneous respiration? -Plethadontid salamander -All do to some degree -Titicaca frog -Hellbender salamander -Bullfrog tadpole
All do to some degree
Which section of the mammalian nephron does NOT actively transport NaCl? -descending arm of the loop of Henle -Proximale tubule -collecting duct -distal tubule -ascending arm of the loop of Henle
Descending arm of the loop Henle
Which of the following decreases linearly with increasing body mass on a Log scale? -mass-specific MR -whole animal MR -Log (mass specific MR) -Log (whole animal MR)
Log (mass specific MR)
Which of the following is a trick that kangaroo rats use to live in the desert? -none of the above -tolerate dehydration -store lots of water -allow their body temperature to change -eat moist food -sweat to keep cool
None of the above
What animal should have a longer loop of Henle? -river otter -sea otter -both the same
Sea otter
What is the best predictor of an animal's physiology? -Size -Homeostasis -Genotype -Phenotype -Phenotype
Size
During exercise, if body temperature increases at a greater rate than brain temperature increases, the animal probably has -an extra-ocular muscle -a carotid rete mirabile -ear 'coolers' -a tongue for panting -brown adipose tissue
a carotid rete mirabile
Frogs fill their lungs using -counter-current flow -cross-current flow -unidirectional air flow -a suction pump -diffusion -a pressure pump
a pressure pump
The preferred body temperature of an endotherm is .... its thermal neutral zone -above -in the middle of -below
above
Seasonal changes in cold tolerance in a wild bird is an example of -acclimatization -acclimation
acclimatization
Getting rid of CO2 is -largely through the action of carbonic anhydrase -through spiracles in aquatic vertebrates -mostly through the gas dissolved in the plasma -accomplished through the skin in most aquatic organisms
accomplished through the skin in most aquatic organisms
Hormonal effects that occur as adults and mediate a temporary behavior or activity are known as -organization effects -activational effects
activational effects
Which of the following statements about the actions of chloride cells is TRUE? -active transport of Na+ out of the gills into the water -works by diffusion and this requires energy -chloride ions build up in cells and diffuse out of animals -active transport of Cl- out of the cell
active transport of Cl- out of the cell
A teleost fish in fresh water -actively drinks water -uses chloride cells to uptake sodium -actively excretes water -actively uptakes ions
actively uptakes ions
When burning 10mL of O2, an animal can get the most energy from which of the following? -all about the same -proteins -carbohydrates -fats
all about the same
When burning 10ml of O2, an animal can get the most energy from which of the following? -carbohydrates -fats -protein -all about the same
all about the same
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of muscle tissue? -ability to stretch -ability to resume resting length -all are characteristics -ability to shorten -ability to respond to stimulation
all are characteristics
What is important for physiological studies? -all are important -blind experimentation -randomization -replication -proper controls
all are important
Which of the following is NOT true about respiratory alkalosis? -causes a left shift in the hemoglobin-O2 binding curve -organic phosphates counteract the effect -results from an increase in blood pH -all are true
all are true
Which of the following is NOT true of the chloride shift? -occurs at the systemic tissues -occurs at the respiratory surface -all are true -maintains charge balance in erythrocytes
all are true
Which of the following does NOT contribute to the total heat of a mammal? -He=evaporation -Hv=metabolic heat -all contribute -Hr=radiation -Hc= conduction and convection -Hs=stored
all contribute
Which of the following does NOT have ANY form of a skeleton? -crab -octopus -human -beetle -all have some form of skeleton
all have some form of skeleton
Which of the following does NOT affect an animal's cold tolerance? -evolutionary history -age -all of the above affect an animal's cold tolerance -recent history -length of exposure
all of the above affect an animal's cold tolerance
Which of the following is not an example of regional heterothermy/endothermy? -all of the above are examples -ducks letting their feed get cold in cold water -billfish using an extra-ocular muscle to keep their brains and eyes warm -reindeer letting their noses get colder than their core -none of the above are examples -tuna keeping their swim muscles warmer than the water they swim in
all of the above are examples
Which of the following is NOT a physiological correlate of higher mass-specific metabolic rates in smaller animals? -higher heart rates -higher capillary density -all of the above are true -right shifted Hb saturation curve -greater mitochondrial density, SA, enzyme activities -A strong Bohr shift -higher respiratory rates
all of the above are true
Which of the following is true of conformity to the environment? -energetically cheap -requires complicated negative feedback systems -Allows function independent of outside conditions -All are true
allows function independent of outside conditions
Which of the following is NOT a structure used for gas exchange by some fish... -gills -intestines -lungs -alveoli
alveoli
If an animal lives in an aquatic environment, what form of nitrogenous waste is it likely to produce? -urea -ammonia -uric acid
ammonia
"System dynamic reaction" refers to: -moving food through the gut during digestion -regurgitation associated with ruminant digestion -losing muscle mass during hibernation -an increase in metabolic rate when waking from hibernation -an increase in metabolic rate when digesting a meal
an increase in metabolic rate when digesting a meal
Large volume and low pressure are characteristics of -a closed circulatory system -an open circulatory system
an open circulatory system
Which of the following is not considered a reproductive hormone? -aromatase -testosterone -luteinizing hormone -estradiol -follicle stimulating hormone
aromatase
When a doctor checks your heart rate they are feeling it in your -arteries -veins -capillaries
arteries
Organic phosphates in the blood... -increase the O2 carrying capacity of the blood -have the opposite effect of increasing temperature -assist off-loading of O2 at the tissues -cause increased ventilation rates -have the opposite effect as the Bohr shift
assist off-loading of O2 at the tissues
Which of the following animals has a four chambered heart? -bird -fish -reptile -octopus -amphibian
bird
For ventilation, which of the following groups lowers the sternum to generate low pressure in the chest cavity? -birds -mammals -lizards -frogs -crocodiles
birds
Which is more important for an animal's physiology? -Both are important -biotic factors -abiotic factors
both biotic and abiotic factors
In a low oxygen situation, to which of these organs should you maintain normal blood flow? -kidneys -arteries -lungs -liver -muscles -brain -pancreas
brain
Within rodents there are great differences in body size and metabolic rate. If you were comparing a capybara (50kg) with a vole (100g) what would you predict about the Hb saturation curves and magnitude of their Bohr shifts? -capybara has a higher P50 and smaller Bohr shift -capybara has a lower P50 and smaller Bohr shift -capybara has a higher P50 and a greater Bohr shift -capybara has a lower P50 and a greater Bohr shift
capybara has a lower P50 and a smaller Bohr shift
Which of the following muscle types is striated and uni-nucleated? -skeletal -smooth -cardiac
cardiac
If an animals brain heats up slower than the body core as it runs from a predator, it probably has a -carotid rete mirabile -concurrent heat exchanger -higher heat conductivity -aquatic lifestyle
carotid rete mirabile
Carbonic anhydrase is important because it -catalyzes the binding of CO2 to hemoglobin -is an enzyme that converts O2 to CO2 -causes the chloride shift to occur -catalyzes the conversion of CO2 to carbonic acid
catalyzes the conversion of CO2 to carbonic acid
If water leaves the gills with roughly the same PO2 as the blood does, then the gill is using -countercurrent flow -concurrent flow
concurrent flow
If water leaves the gills with a lower PO2 than the blood does, then the gill is using... -counter current flow -water pump ventilation -ram ventilation -concurrent flow
counter current flow
Which of the following animals can pump blood systemically from the right ventricle during dives? -crocodiles -frogs -whales -elephant seals -salamanders
crocodiles
Which of the following statements about temperature dependent sex determination is NOT true? -very sensitive to temperature differences -critical sensitive period during development -females can potentially manipulate sex ratio -lack heteromorphic sex chromosomes -described in amphibians
described in amphibians
Andean and Tibetan peoples have evolved solutions to the problem of low oxygen availability in -the same way -the same way as bar-headed geese -different ways -the same way as llamas
different ways
Which of the following is an advantage of panting over sweating? -conserves water -uses a large surface area -doesnt require salt -keeps the carotid cool
doesnt require salt
What would best describe an Antarctic fish? -ectotherm and homeotherm -endotherm and poikilotherm -ectotherm and poikilotherm -endotherm and homeotherm
ectotherm and poikilotherm
How would you describe a dehydrated camel? -ectotherm and poikilotherm -endotherm and homeotherm -endotherm and poikilotherm -ectotherm and homeotherm
endotherm and poikilotherm
_________ are necessary in the diet, because they aren't synthesized by the body, and are used to make proteins. -minerals -nonessential amino acids -vitamins -carbohydrates -essential amino acids -fats
essential amino acids
Which of the following is associated with a decrease in metabolic rate? -lactation -activity -digestion -reproduction -estivation
estivation
If an animal lives in brackish water it is probably -stenohaline -euryhaline
euryhaline
Endocrine glands have ducts through which the hormones are secreted. -true -false
false
Frogs stay hydrated by actively transporting both salt and water into their body -false -true
false
If an animal's respiratory quotient is 0.70, it is mostly burning -fats -carbohydrates -protein
fats
If you are at a buffet and want to get the most energy per gram of food, what should you eat? -all the same -carbohydrates -proteins -fats
fats
What should an animal eat to maximize the amount of energy it gets for each gram it eats? -fats -all about the same -carbohydrates -protein
fats
Which of the following statements about the avian nephron is TRUE? -filtrate at the bottom of the descending arm of the loop of Henle is hypotonic -filtrate at the top of the ascending arm of the loop of Henle in hypotonic -filtrate is made hypotonic in the collecting duct -the initial filtrate is hypertonic -it cannot produce hypertonic urine
filtrate is made hypotonic in the collecting duct
Which of the following statements is true? -none of the above are true -shivering thermogenesis is only seen in mammals and birds -oryx let their body temperature decrease during the day -functional brown fat has been describe in adult humans -hibernation does not save energy because it costs a lot of energy to wake up
functional brown fat has been describe in adult humans
Animals NATIVE to high altitude have hemoglobin that has... -greater O2 binding affinity -low binding capacity -lower O2 binding affinity -no difference in O2 binding affinity -high levels of organic phosphates
greater O2 binding affinity
If one species has a hemoglobin O2 binding curve that is taller than another species, it has... -lower binding capacity for O2 -greater binding affinity for O2 -lower binding affinity for O2 -greater binding capacity for O2
greater binding capacity for O2
Which of the following is a direct measure of metabolism? -water production -O2 consumption -ATP production -CO2 production -heat
heat
Which of the following is NOT an indirect measure of metabolism -heat produced -CO2 produced -food consumed -water produced -oxygen consumed
heat produced
Which of these respiratory pigments uses copper? -hemoglobin -hemerythrin -hemocyanin -chlorocruorin
hemocyanin
A lower P50 means the hemoglobin binds O2 with -greater capacity -greater affinity -lower capacity -lower affinity
higher affinity
Large animals have ..... than small animals -higher heart rates -lower whole body MR -higher whole body MR -higher mass specific MR
higher whole body MR
If you want to off-load O2 more efficiently at the tissues you should -increase P50 -decrease P50
increase P50
What determines the phenotype of an animal? -interaction between genotype and the environment -genotype -environment
interaction between genotype and the environment
a majority of body water is in -blood plasma -interstitial fluid -hemoglobin -intracellular fluid
intracellular fluid
A marine animal that uses salt glands to get rid of excess salt must be an -osmoregulator -osmoconformer -ionregulator -ionoconformer
ionoregulator
Concurrent blood flow through the gills is adaptive in many aquatic organisms because it... -helps rid the blood of CO2 -requires less blood -conserves O2 -is very efficient at extracting O2
is very efficient at extracting O2
Which of the following is NOT true about hemoglobin? -it acts as a buffer by binding hydrogen ions -it catalyzes carbonic anhydrase -it binds CO2 -it binds O2
it catalyzes carbonic anhydrase
What role do surfactants play in respiration? -facilitate diffusion of oxygen -decrease P50 -increase P50 -keep the alveoli from collapsing -assist subunit cooperatively
keep the alveoli from collapsing
For species in which females mate with multiple males we would predict male testes to be -large -small
large
Diving animals are characterized by -low blood volume -huge lungs -low hematocrit -large blood volume
large blood volume
Animals evolved to high elevation have a -higher P50 -lower P50
lower P50
Which of the following is NOT a chemical type of hormone? -modified amino acids -steroid -modified fatty acid -protein -modified vitamin
modified vitamin
Aquaporins -function in the malphigian tubules of insects to collect hemolymph -modulate membrane permeability to water in the ascending arm of the loop of henle -modulate membrane permeability to water in the collecting duct -function in ultrafiltration -modulate membrane permeability to water in the glomerulus
modulate membrane permeability to water in the collecting duct
The female reproductive tract develops from the -wolfian ducts -mullerian ducts
mullerian ducts
What is the most important regulator of physiological function? -negative feedback -double blind experimentation -conformity -phenotype
negative feedback
Can counter-current gas exchange occur with tidal ventilation? -yes -no
no
Is it possible for a marine animal to osmoregulate without ionoregulating? -yes -no
no
The Bohr shift (decreased pH) facilitates -off-loading CO2 in the lungs/gills -binding O2 in the lungs/gills -off-loading O2 in the tissues -binding CO2 in the tissues
off-loading O2 in the tissues
If I told you that scientists just discovered a new respiratory pigment and that it had a high molecular weight, you would expect to find it in... -erythrocytes -extracellular space -leukpcytes -plasma -lymph
plasma
Which of the following statements about Malpighian tubules is NOT true? -secrete uric acid -extend into the hemoceol -function through active secretion -flow into hindgut -preform ultrafiltrations -all are true
preform ultrafiltrations
What hormones maintains pregnancy? -estradiol -progesterone -luteinizing hormone -follicle stimulating hormone
progesterone
Questions in animal physiology are generally -proximate/immediate 'how' questions -ultimate or 'why' questions
proximate/immediate or 'how' questions
What is the primary purpose of 'puddling' behavior in butterflies? -salt uptake -salt secretion -water uptake -water secretion
salt uptake
In fish gills, gas exchange specifically occurs in the -bucal cavity -gill filaments -secondary lamellae -gill arches -opercular cavity
secondary lamellae
Which of the following muscle types is striated and multinucleated? -cardiac -smooth -skeletal
skeletal
Large cross-sectional area in blood vessels means -fast blood flow -slow blood flow
slow blood flow
Which of the following does NOT help return blood from the periphery to the heart? -skeletal muscle -spiracles -valves -all help -none help
spiracles
Which of the following animals moves so much water that being only 10% efficient at O2 extraction is good enough? -clam -gold fish -tuna -pulmonate snail -squid
squid
Arteries have -valves -strong layer of smooth muscle -all of the above -skeletal muscle to help move blood
strong layer of smooth muscle
Mammals fill their lungs using -pressure pump -suction pump -diffusion
suction pump
Why is swimming a very efficient means of transport? -support provided by water -resistance of the water -conductivity of the water
support provided by the water
What features makes humans uniquely good distance runners? -sweating -upright stance -large brain -eat protein
sweating
Which of the following is NOT true about birds -male ducks have a corkscrew penis -all birds lay eggs -female birds only have one ovary -the father 'determines' the sex of the offspring
the father 'determines' the sex of the offspring
What structure allows the production of hypertonic urine? -the loop of henle -aquaporins -bowman's capsule -collecting duct
the loop of henle
What structure permits the production of hypertonic urines? -Bowmans capsule -the proximal tubule -the distal tubule -the loop of henle
the loop of henle
P50 is -the percentage of hemoglobin binding sites occupied at an O2 partial pressure of 50 -the partial pressure of CO2 at which half the available hemoglobin binding sites are occupied -the partial pressure of O2 at which half the available hemoglobin binding sites are occupied -the partial pressure where have the hemoglobin is bound to O2 and half to CO2
the partial pressure of O2 at which half the available hemoglobin binding sites are occupied
Theoretically , what group of animal is more threatened by global warming? -thermal specialist -thermal generalist -both the same
thermal specialist
Which animals are probably more susceptible to global climate change? -no difference -thermal specialist -thermal generalist
thermal specialist
Which of the following hormones is important for metamorphosis in fishes? -estrogens -catechloamines -androgens -thyroid hormone -melatonin -insulin -glucagon
thyroid hormone
Which of the following hormones is important for metamorphosis in fishes? -insulin -thyroid hormone -glucagon -estrogens -catecholamines -androgens -melatonin
thyroid hormone
Why is it though that tuna fish have evolved endothermy? -to be able to live in extremely cold water -to swim far -to be able to see their prey -to swim fast
to be able to see their prey
Which of the following statements about a closed circulatory system is true? -total surface area is greatest at the capillaries so blood flow is the slowest -total surface area is lowest at the capillaries so blood flow is the slowest -total surface area is greatest at the capillaries so blood flow is the fastest -total surface area is lowest at the capillaries so blood flow is the fastest
total surface area is greatest at the capillaries so blood flow is the slowest
In terrestrial insects, where does gas exchange occur? -tracheoles -gills -spiracles -cuticle -air sacs -trachea -lungs
tracheoles
Carbamino compounds -buffer the hydrogen ions -occur at the respiratory surface -occur at the tissues -transport CO2 -are catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase
transport CO2
It was recently discovered that both crocodiles and iguanas use ____ that was previous thought to be exclusively used by birds amongst terrestrial vertebrates. -a true diaphragm to ventilate -cross-current gas exchange -unidirectional ventilation -venus circulation shunt
unidirectional ventilation
Sharks use what substance to make up the osmotic difference between their blood and seawater? -TMAO -hydrogen ions -urea -minerals
urea
Which of the following is NOT part of an open circulatory system? -hemolymph -large hemocoel volume -low pressure -peristaltic pump -all are part of an open circulatory system -valves
valves
What 'feels' colder when we touch it (if they are all at the same temperature) -ice -air -snow -water
water
When capillary osmotic pressure exceeds capillary hydrostatic pressure... -erythrocytes are filtered -erythrocytes are reabsorbed -proteins are filtered -water is reabsorbed -water is filtered -proteins are reabsorbed
water is reabsorbed
What problems are faced by a saltwater teleost fish? -water loss and salt gain -water gain and salt gain -salt loss and water loss -water gain and salt loss
water loss and salt gain
Why does 20oC water feels colder than 20oC air? -Water has lower thermal conductivity -water has higher thermal convection -water has lower thermal convection -water has greater thermal conductivity
what has greater thermal conductivity
Can a camel be considered a poikilotherm? -yes -no
yes
Can a tuna fish be considered an endotherm? -yes -no
yes
Can an animal be an ionoregulator and osmoconformer? -yes -no
yes
Can mammals be poikilotherms? -yes -no
yes
Does an octopus have a skeleton? -yes -no
yes