Intro to child development
When there is no relationship between two variables, the correlation coefficient is:
.00.
Juvenile homicides are nearly ____ times as likely at high schools as at elementary or middle schools.
20
Dr. Goldstein obtains significant results in a study of language acquisition among 1- to 2-year-olds. There is a 1 in _____ chance that other researchers will fail to replicate the results once they have been published.
3
Recall the discussion of childhood obesity in the textbook's "A View from Science" feature in Chapter 1. The prevalence of high blood pressure among adults who had been overweight since childhood was nearly _____ times that among adults who had never been overweight.
3
Which percentage BEST approximates the proportion of research studies in psychology that fail to be replicated?
35 percent
Hypothesis
A scientific prediction that can be tested
Scientific Method
A way to answer questions using empirical research and data-based conclusions
Life-span perspective
An approach to the study of human development that takes into account all phases of life, not jut childhood or adulthood
Recall the textbook's discussion of differential susceptibility. People who are hardy and resilient, thriving even under difficult circumstances, are sometimes called:
Dan
Research on how people change physically, mentally, and socially across the life span is MOST often conducted by _____ psychologists.
Development
_____ psychology seeks to understand how and why people change over time.
Development
Marjorie has just completed an introductory course in psychology at a local community college. She would like to take another psychology course next semester. The college offers courses in developmental psychology, social psychology, personality psychology, and industrial-organizational psychology. Marjorie is especially interested in change and growth across the life span. Based on this information, Marjorie should consider the course in _____ psychology MOST strongly.
Developmental
Research on how people change physically, mentally, and socially across the life span is MOST often conducted by _____ psychologists.
Developmental
Dr. Murphy studies a cohort of schoolchildren and follows their progress through college. Dr. Murphy is MOST likely a:
Developmentalist
_____________ means that some people are more vulnerable than others to certain experiences
Differential susceptibility
McGowan and colleagues (2009) examined the brains of men who had committed suicide around age 35. Half of the participants had experienced childhood trauma; the remainder had not. The researchers found consistent genetic changes in the brains of the trauma group. This finding is an example of a field called:
Epigenetics
People whose ancestors were born in the same region and who often share a language and a religion are called a(n):
Ethnic group
A researcher suggests that infants with a "slow-to-warm-up" temperament are more likely to experience social anxiety disorder as adolescents or young adults than are infants with an "easy" temperament. The researcher's suggestion is a:
Hypothesis
Nature
In development, nature includes all of the environmental influences that affect the individual after conception. This includes while pregnant to the cultural influences in the nation.
What is an independent variable?
It is the variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher.
Which of the following refers to the influence of experience?
Learning
The _____ perspective is an approach to the study of development that incorporates all phases of life, from birth to death.
Life-span
In ______ research, the same individuals are followed over time to track their development.
Longitudial
Differential susceptibility means that some people are:
More vulnerable than others to certain experiences.
If a correlation is _____, it indicates that both variables either increase or decrease together.
Positive
_____ research provides data that can be expressed numerically.
Quantitative
Replication
Repeating a study, usually using different participants, sometimes of another age, socioeconomic status (SES), or culture
Dr. Park is repeating a classic study on infant-caretaker attachment using a sample of Korean infants rather than a sample of American infants like those who participated in the original study. Dr. Park's research is an example of a:
Replication
_____ permits science to advance by allowing previous findings to be refined, refuted, and repeated.
Replication
Franz is presenting his data and conclusions to an audience of scientists at a Society for Research in Child Development conference. With respect to the steps of the scientific method, Franz is:
Reporting results
Which statement is true of the scientific method?
Research findings should be made available to other scientists
Bobby was not taught to read until he was an adolescent. When he did learn to read, it was much harder for him to learn, and it took him longer to learn to read than it would have during his early- to middle-childhood years. Bobby had a hard time learning to read because he did not learn to do so during the _____ period.
Sensitive
A "hypothesis" is best defined as a:
Specific predication that can be tested
Differential susceptibility
The idea that people vary in how sensitive they are to particular experiences. Often such differences are genetic, which makes some people affected " for better or the worse" by life events
Heredity and environment are the key influences in:
The nature versus nurture debate
Science of human development
The science that seeks to understand how and why people of all ages change or remain the same over time
Epigenetics
The study of how environmental factors affect genes and genetic expression----- enhancing, halting, shaping, or altering the expression of genes
Which example clearly illustrates a critical period?
a fetus developing fingers and toes between 28 and 54 days in utero
From birth to age 9, what sort of correlation exists between age and height?
a positive correlation
The only research method that can establish a causal relationship is:
an experiment.
If a researcher finds that there is a correlation between secondhand smoke and children's asthma, he can be certain that _____.
asthma and secondhand smoke have some connection
Which is unethical research behavior?
changing the data to support the hypothesis
The textbook describes a study in which Chicago high school students were divided into a group offered a part-time job and a group offered no job. The group offered no job is called the _____ group.
control
A ______ is a number expressing the degree of relationship between two variables.
correlation
Dr. Bloom wanted to learn whether ice cream preferences are different at different stages of development. For her study, she conducted a one-time assessment in which she asked a group of 5-year-olds, a group of 15-year-olds, and a group of 30-year-olds to identify their favorite ice cream. Dr. Bloom conducted a _____.
cross-sectional study
Which of these research designs studies changes over time?
cross-sequential
The people in which of the following groups can be defined as members of the same cohort?
current middle school students
Race is:
entirely a social construction
In the science of human development, "nurture" refers to:
environmental influences
Empirical evidence
evidence that is based on observation, experience, or experiment, not theoretical
In an experiment, the group that receives the "special" treatment is called the _____ group.
experimental
Nature is to nurture as _____ is to _____
genes,experience
What do developmental psychologists seek to understand?
growth and change across the life span
Researchers have suggested that childhood obesity impairs adult health. This prediction is called a:
hypothesis
A person's socioeconomic status includes his or her:
level of education
In ______ research, the same individuals are followed over time to track their development.
longitutial
In Bronfenbrenner's model, the degree of income inequality in a society is part of the _____ that affects an individual's development.
macrosystem
In _____, researchers use statistical tools to synthesize the results of previous, separate studies.
meta-analysis
Researchers are conducting a _____ when they combine the results of several previous studies to gain stronger conclusions than the individual studies on their own.
meta-analysis
Which term is associated with Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems approach?
microsystems
As compared to their likelihood at high schools, juvenile homicides are _____ likely at elementary and middle schools.
much less
Fairuza is studying peer rejection among middle school students. Fairuza's first step in designing her research would be to:
pose a research question
Cohort labels, such as Generation X or the Millennials, are based as much on shared assumptions as on reality. These cohorts may be seen at least in part as:
social constructions.
In the science of human development, "nature" refers to _____.
the genes that people inherit
The view that human development is multidirectional, multicontextual, multicultural, multidisciplinary, and plastic is known as:
the life-span perspective.
The correlation coefficient ranges from _____ to _____.
−1.00; 1.00