Intro to child development

When there is no relationship between two variables, the correlation coefficient is:

.00.

Juvenile homicides are nearly ____ times as likely at high schools as at elementary or middle schools.

20

Dr. Goldstein obtains significant results in a study of language acquisition among 1- to 2-year-olds. There is a 1 in _____ chance that other researchers will fail to replicate the results once they have been published.

3

Recall the discussion of childhood obesity in the textbook's "A View from Science" feature in Chapter 1. The prevalence of high blood pressure among adults who had been overweight since childhood was nearly _____ times that among adults who had never been overweight.

3

Which percentage BEST approximates the proportion of research studies in psychology that fail to be replicated?

35 percent

Hypothesis

A scientific prediction that can be tested

Scientific Method

A way to answer questions using empirical research and data-based conclusions

Life-span perspective

An approach to the study of human development that takes into account all phases of life, not jut childhood or adulthood

Recall the textbook's discussion of differential susceptibility. People who are hardy and resilient, thriving even under difficult circumstances, are sometimes called:

Dan

Research on how people change physically, mentally, and socially across the life span is MOST often conducted by _____ psychologists.

Development

_____ psychology seeks to understand how and why people change over time.

Development

Marjorie has just completed an introductory course in psychology at a local community college. She would like to take another psychology course next semester. The college offers courses in developmental psychology, social psychology, personality psychology, and industrial-organizational psychology. Marjorie is especially interested in change and growth across the life span. Based on this information, Marjorie should consider the course in _____ psychology MOST strongly.

Developmental

Research on how people change physically, mentally, and socially across the life span is MOST often conducted by _____ psychologists.

Developmental

Dr. Murphy studies a cohort of schoolchildren and follows their progress through college. Dr. Murphy is MOST likely a:

Developmentalist

_____________ means that some people are more vulnerable than others to certain experiences

Differential susceptibility

McGowan and colleagues (2009) examined the brains of men who had committed suicide around age 35. Half of the participants had experienced childhood trauma; the remainder had not. The researchers found consistent genetic changes in the brains of the trauma group. This finding is an example of a field called:

Epigenetics

People whose ancestors were born in the same region and who often share a language and a religion are called a(n):

Ethnic group

A researcher suggests that infants with a "slow-to-warm-up" temperament are more likely to experience social anxiety disorder as adolescents or young adults than are infants with an "easy" temperament. The researcher's suggestion is a:

Hypothesis

Nature

In development, nature includes all of the environmental influences that affect the individual after conception. This includes while pregnant to the cultural influences in the nation.

What is an independent variable?

It is the variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher.

Which of the following refers to the influence of experience?

Learning

The _____ perspective is an approach to the study of development that incorporates all phases of life, from birth to death.

Life-span

In ______ research, the same individuals are followed over time to track their development.

Longitudial

Differential susceptibility means that some people are:

More vulnerable than others to certain experiences.

If a correlation is _____, it indicates that both variables either increase or decrease together.

Positive

_____ research provides data that can be expressed numerically.

Quantitative

Replication

Repeating a study, usually using different participants, sometimes of another age, socioeconomic status (SES), or culture

Dr. Park is repeating a classic study on infant-caretaker attachment using a sample of Korean infants rather than a sample of American infants like those who participated in the original study. Dr. Park's research is an example of a:

Replication

_____ permits science to advance by allowing previous findings to be refined, refuted, and repeated.

Replication

Franz is presenting his data and conclusions to an audience of scientists at a Society for Research in Child Development conference. With respect to the steps of the scientific method, Franz is:

Reporting results

Which statement is true of the scientific method?

Research findings should be made available to other scientists

Bobby was not taught to read until he was an adolescent. When he did learn to read, it was much harder for him to learn, and it took him longer to learn to read than it would have during his early- to middle-childhood years. Bobby had a hard time learning to read because he did not learn to do so during the _____ period.

Sensitive

A "hypothesis" is best defined as a:

Specific predication that can be tested

Differential susceptibility

The idea that people vary in how sensitive they are to particular experiences. Often such differences are genetic, which makes some people affected " for better or the worse" by life events

Heredity and environment are the key influences in:

The nature versus nurture debate

Science of human development

The science that seeks to understand how and why people of all ages change or remain the same over time

Epigenetics

The study of how environmental factors affect genes and genetic expression----- enhancing, halting, shaping, or altering the expression of genes

Which example clearly illustrates a critical period?

a fetus developing fingers and toes between 28 and 54 days in utero

From birth to age 9, what sort of correlation exists between age and height?

a positive correlation

The only research method that can establish a causal relationship is:

an experiment.

If a researcher finds that there is a correlation between secondhand smoke and children's asthma, he can be certain that _____.

asthma and secondhand smoke have some connection

Which is unethical research behavior?

changing the data to support the hypothesis

The textbook describes a study in which Chicago high school students were divided into a group offered a part-time job and a group offered no job. The group offered no job is called the _____ group.

control

A ______ is a number expressing the degree of relationship between two variables.

correlation

Dr. Bloom wanted to learn whether ice cream preferences are different at different stages of development. For her study, she conducted a one-time assessment in which she asked a group of 5-year-olds, a group of 15-year-olds, and a group of 30-year-olds to identify their favorite ice cream. Dr. Bloom conducted a _____.

cross-sectional study

Which of these research designs studies changes over time?

cross-sequential

The people in which of the following groups can be defined as members of the same cohort?

current middle school students

Race is:

entirely a social construction

In the science of human development, "nurture" refers to:

environmental influences

Empirical evidence

evidence that is based on observation, experience, or experiment, not theoretical

In an experiment, the group that receives the "special" treatment is called the _____ group.

experimental

Nature is to nurture as _____ is to _____

genes,experience

What do developmental psychologists seek to understand?

growth and change across the life span

Researchers have suggested that childhood obesity impairs adult health. This prediction is called a:

hypothesis

A person's socioeconomic status includes his or her:

level of education

In ______ research, the same individuals are followed over time to track their development.

longitutial

In Bronfenbrenner's model, the degree of income inequality in a society is part of the _____ that affects an individual's development.

macrosystem

In _____, researchers use statistical tools to synthesize the results of previous, separate studies.

meta-analysis

Researchers are conducting a _____ when they combine the results of several previous studies to gain stronger conclusions than the individual studies on their own.

meta-analysis

Which term is associated with Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems approach?

microsystems

As compared to their likelihood at high schools, juvenile homicides are _____ likely at elementary and middle schools.

much less

Fairuza is studying peer rejection among middle school students. Fairuza's first step in designing her research would be to:

pose a research question

Cohort labels, such as Generation X or the Millennials, are based as much on shared assumptions as on reality. These cohorts may be seen at least in part as:

social constructions.

In the science of human development, "nature" refers to _____.

the genes that people inherit

The view that human development is multidirectional, multicontextual, multicultural, multidisciplinary, and plastic is known as:

the life-span perspective.

The correlation coefficient ranges from _____ to _____.

−1.00; 1.00