Intro to Earth Science - Earths Water
Cohesion describes water's _____.
attraction to itself
polarity
molecular condition in which one end has a slightly positive charge and the other a slightly negative charge
Jenna dives 20 meters into the ocean. How much pressure does she feel?
- 44.1 psi - 3 atm
How do glaciers move?
- Gravity pulls them downhill. - Melted ice allows the glacier to slide forward.
Which of the following are parts of a lithostratigraphic (rock) unit?
- bed - formation - group
The water in Lake Fair has a salinity of 12 ppt. The water _____.
has 12 grams of salt per 1000 grams of water
crest
highest part of a wave
Macy is looking for groundwater. She will most likely find it _____.
in an area with limestone deposits
Most saltwater-use is _____.
in the power generating industry
The salinity of ocean water _____.
increases with depth
firn
intermediate stage between snow and ice
Surface tension _____.
is caused by cohesion between water molecules on the surface
Ice floats in water because it _____.
is less dense than water
(Water Distribution) Groundwater _____.
is the largest available source of freshwater
The "hardness" of water describes _____.
its level of dissolved minerals
moraine
large area of rock and sediment left by a glacier
ice cap
large, dome-shaped mass of ice
gyre
large, rotating current loops caused by the Coriolis effect
The temperature of ocean surface water depends on _____.
latitude and season
A _________ unit is a body of sedimentary, extrusive igneous, metasedimentary, or metavolcanic strata which is distinguished on the basis of lithlogic (physical) characteristics and stratigraphic position.
lithostratigraphic
Older glaciers have _____ ice crystals than younger glaciers.
longer
trough
lowest part of a wave
salinity
measure of dissolved minerals and salts in water
Most lakes were formed from _____.
melting glaciers
impermeable
not allowing a fluid to pass through
evaporation
process by which liquid water changes into a gas
infiltration
process by which precipitation soaks into the ground
desalination
process by which salt is removed from saltwater
sublimation
process by which solid water (ice, snow) changes directly into a gas.
transpiration
release of water vapor into the air by plants.
Condensation _____.
requires dust or other tiny particles
The water table _____.
rises and falls with precipitation
The oxygen side of a water molecule is _____.
slightly negative
The beginning of a river is called the _____.
source
scarcity
state of not having enough of something
Which of the following areas will most likely have the greatest amount of surface runoff?
steep mountainside
Most of Earth's freshwater is _____.
stored in glaciers and ice caps
In cold, snowy areas, water is added to the atmosphere through _____.
sublimation
solvent
substance in which another substance is dissolved
albedo
the ability of a surface to reflect sunlight
Water leaves a lake through _____.
the ground
precipitation
the release of water from the atmosphere
water table
top of the saturated zone in groundwater
thermocline
transitional layer between the mixed surface layer and the deep water layer in the ocean
Phineas has a tomato plant. The plant adds water to the atmosphere through _____.
transpiration
compound
two or more elements joined together to create a new substance
aquifer
underground layer of permeable rock from which groundwater can be removed
Which of the following materials is the least porous?
unsorted sand and rock
Most of Earth's water is _____.
unsuitable for drinking
upwelling
upward movement of deeper, colder ocean water to the surface caused by wind
Surface water is _____ deep-ocean water.
warmer than
adhesion
water's attraction to other substances
cohesion
water's attraction to other water molecules
regression
when sea level falls causing the coastline to migrate outward (oceanward)
transgression
when sea level rises causing the coastline to migrate inward.
eustatic (sea level) change
when the sea level changes due to an alteration in the volume of water in the oceans, or alternately, when there is change in shape of an ocean basin and in turn an adjustment in the amount of water the sea can hold. Eustatic (worldwide) sea- level change is always a global effect
How many gallons of water per day does the average American family of 4 use?
320 gallons
How much of Earth's freshwater is locked away in glaciers and ice caps?
70%
Which of the following locations most-likely experiences physical water scarcity?
Sahara Desert
Which of the following locations will most likely have the highest average annual precipitation?
Amazon Rainforest
Which of the following statements is true? - Earth's water is distributed evenly around the world. - Ninety-five percent of the world's population has access to the water they need. - Glaciers add to Earth's groundwater and surface water sources. - Economic scarcity happens when climate limits the amount of available water.
Glaciers add to Earth's groundwater and surface water sources.
Which of the following statements is true? - Groundwater doesn't exist in dry climates. - Fifty percent of Earth's freshwater is underground. - Soil with mixed particles of different sizes is very porous. - Groundwater adds water to lakes, rivers, and oceans.
Groundwater adds water to lakes, rivers, and oceans.
Which of the following statements is true? - More of Earth's freshwater is found in rivers than in lakes. - More of Earth's freshwater is found underground than in lakes. - Rivers flow from areas of low ground to areas of high ground. - Most lakes are found near Earth's equator.
More of Earth's freshwater is found underground than in lakes.
Which of the following statements is true? - Moraines form when glaciers pick up large rocks. - Plucking happens when glaciers deposit rock and sediment. - Since 1979, the polar ice caps have grown in size about 20%. - Older glaciers have longer ice crystals than younger ones.
Older glaciers have longer ice crystals than younger ones.
Which of the following statements is true? - Water is easily polluted because it can dissolve harmful chemicals. - When water freezes, it contracts and becomes more dense. - Thermal pollution happens when cold water is released into an ecosystem. - Adhesion describes a water molecule's attraction to another water molecule.
Water is easily polluted because it can dissolve harmful chemicals.
lithostratigraphic unit
a body of sedimentary, extrusive igneous, metasedimentary, or metavolcanic strata which is distinguished on the basis of lithologic characteristics and stratigraphic position (position in the rock sequence)
stratigraphy
a branch of geology which studies rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification). It is primarily used in the study of sedimentary and layered volcanic rocks.
facies
all of the characteristics of a particular rock unit.
surface tension
cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water
As ocean depth increases, _____.
density increases
fetch
distance over which wind blows without interruption or change of direction
downwelling
downward movement of surface ocean water caused by wind
The Dead Sea contains saltwater. Most of its water leaves through _____.
evaporation
Groundwater
fills the spaces between soil particles and the cracks in rocks. It accounts for 30% of Earth's freshwater.
The Arctic ice cap _____.
floats on top of the Arctic Ocean
Rivers ____.
flow downhill because of gravity
Most freshwater-use is _____.
for industry and electrical power
Glaciers _____.
form when snow stays in the same place for a long time
A confined aquifer is _____.
found between two impermeable layers
Which of the following is the most permeable?
gravel
Evaporation _____.
happens more quickly in warm areas than cool ones
Kettle lakes form when _____.
ice chunks break off a glacier, then melt
Groundwater _____.
is recharged by precipitation
How much of Earth's surface freshwater is found in lakes?
87%
How much of the Earth's ice is located in Antarctica?
90%
Which of the following is part of the smallest percentage of freshwater?
Lake Powell
Which of the following locations will most likely have the highest rate of evaporation?
Pacific Ocean
Which of the following is the average height of the ocean's surface between high and low tides?
Sea level
tributary
a small creek or stream that feeds a larger river or lake
permeable
allowing a fluid to pass through
watershed
area of land where all the draining water goes into the same river system
tide
alternate rising and falling of the ocean caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the Sun
porosity
amount of air space between soil or rock particles
A watershed is _____.
an area where all water drains into the same river system
What is the smallest lithostratigraphic rock unit?
bed
Water _____.
boils at 100°C
Global warming _____.
causes the sea to rise, which can contaminate freshwater sources
Hot water _____.
holds less dissolved oxygen than cold water
thermohaline circulation
movement of deep ocean water driven by differences in temperature, salinity, and density
Most of the water vapor in Earth's atmosphere comes from _____.
oceans, seas, lakes, and rivers