Intro to Earth Science - Earths Water

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Cohesion describes water's _____.

attraction to itself

polarity

molecular condition in which one end has a slightly positive charge and the other a slightly negative charge

Jenna dives 20 meters into the ocean. How much pressure does she feel?

- 44.1 psi - 3 atm

How do glaciers move?

- Gravity pulls them downhill. - Melted ice allows the glacier to slide forward.

Which of the following are parts of a lithostratigraphic (rock) unit?

- bed - formation - group

The water in Lake Fair has a salinity of 12 ppt. The water _____.

has 12 grams of salt per 1000 grams of water

crest

highest part of a wave

Macy is looking for groundwater. She will most likely find it _____.

in an area with limestone deposits

Most saltwater-use is _____.

in the power generating industry

The salinity of ocean water _____.

increases with depth

firn

intermediate stage between snow and ice

Surface tension _____.

is caused by cohesion between water molecules on the surface

Ice floats in water because it _____.

is less dense than water

(Water Distribution) Groundwater _____.

is the largest available source of freshwater

The "hardness" of water describes _____.

its level of dissolved minerals

moraine

large area of rock and sediment left by a glacier

ice cap

large, dome-shaped mass of ice

gyre

large, rotating current loops caused by the Coriolis effect

The temperature of ocean surface water depends on _____.

latitude and season

A _________ unit is a body of sedimentary, extrusive igneous, metasedimentary, or metavolcanic strata which is distinguished on the basis of lithlogic (physical) characteristics and stratigraphic position.

lithostratigraphic

Older glaciers have _____ ice crystals than younger glaciers.

longer

trough

lowest part of a wave

salinity

measure of dissolved minerals and salts in water

Most lakes were formed from _____.

melting glaciers

impermeable

not allowing a fluid to pass through

evaporation

process by which liquid water changes into a gas

infiltration

process by which precipitation soaks into the ground

desalination

process by which salt is removed from saltwater

sublimation

process by which solid water (ice, snow) changes directly into a gas.

transpiration

release of water vapor into the air by plants.

Condensation _____.

requires dust or other tiny particles

The water table _____.

rises and falls with precipitation

The oxygen side of a water molecule is _____.

slightly negative

The beginning of a river is called the _____.

source

scarcity

state of not having enough of something

Which of the following areas will most likely have the greatest amount of surface runoff?

steep mountainside

Most of Earth's freshwater is _____.

stored in glaciers and ice caps

In cold, snowy areas, water is added to the atmosphere through _____.

sublimation

solvent

substance in which another substance is dissolved

albedo

the ability of a surface to reflect sunlight

Water leaves a lake through _____.

the ground

precipitation

the release of water from the atmosphere

water table

top of the saturated zone in groundwater

thermocline

transitional layer between the mixed surface layer and the deep water layer in the ocean

Phineas has a tomato plant. The plant adds water to the atmosphere through _____.

transpiration

compound

two or more elements joined together to create a new substance

aquifer

underground layer of permeable rock from which groundwater can be removed

Which of the following materials is the least porous?

unsorted sand and rock

Most of Earth's water is _____.

unsuitable for drinking

upwelling

upward movement of deeper, colder ocean water to the surface caused by wind

Surface water is _____ deep-ocean water.

warmer than

adhesion

water's attraction to other substances

cohesion

water's attraction to other water molecules

regression

when sea level falls causing the coastline to migrate outward (oceanward)

transgression

when sea level rises causing the coastline to migrate inward.

eustatic (sea level) change

when the sea level changes due to an alteration in the volume of water in the oceans, or alternately, when there is change in shape of an ocean basin and in turn an adjustment in the amount of water the sea can hold. Eustatic (worldwide) sea- level change is always a global effect

How many gallons of water per day does the average American family of 4 use?

320 gallons

How much of Earth's freshwater is locked away in glaciers and ice caps?

70%

Which of the following locations most-likely experiences physical water scarcity?

Sahara Desert

Which of the following locations will most likely have the highest average annual precipitation?

Amazon Rainforest

Which of the following statements is true? - Earth's water is distributed evenly around the world. - Ninety-five percent of the world's population has access to the water they need. - Glaciers add to Earth's groundwater and surface water sources. - Economic scarcity happens when climate limits the amount of available water.

Glaciers add to Earth's groundwater and surface water sources.

Which of the following statements is true? - Groundwater doesn't exist in dry climates. - Fifty percent of Earth's freshwater is underground. - Soil with mixed particles of different sizes is very porous. - Groundwater adds water to lakes, rivers, and oceans.

Groundwater adds water to lakes, rivers, and oceans.

Which of the following statements is true? - More of Earth's freshwater is found in rivers than in lakes. - More of Earth's freshwater is found underground than in lakes. - Rivers flow from areas of low ground to areas of high ground. - Most lakes are found near Earth's equator.

More of Earth's freshwater is found underground than in lakes.

Which of the following statements is true? - Moraines form when glaciers pick up large rocks. - Plucking happens when glaciers deposit rock and sediment. - Since 1979, the polar ice caps have grown in size about 20%. - Older glaciers have longer ice crystals than younger ones.

Older glaciers have longer ice crystals than younger ones.

Which of the following statements is true? - Water is easily polluted because it can dissolve harmful chemicals. - When water freezes, it contracts and becomes more dense. - Thermal pollution happens when cold water is released into an ecosystem. - Adhesion describes a water molecule's attraction to another water molecule.

Water is easily polluted because it can dissolve harmful chemicals.

lithostratigraphic unit

a body of sedimentary, extrusive igneous, metasedimentary, or metavolcanic strata which is distinguished on the basis of lithologic characteristics and stratigraphic position (position in the rock sequence)

stratigraphy

a branch of geology which studies rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification). It is primarily used in the study of sedimentary and layered volcanic rocks.

facies

all of the characteristics of a particular rock unit.

surface tension

cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water

As ocean depth increases, _____.

density increases

fetch

distance over which wind blows without interruption or change of direction

downwelling

downward movement of surface ocean water caused by wind

The Dead Sea contains saltwater. Most of its water leaves through _____.

evaporation

Groundwater

fills the spaces between soil particles and the cracks in rocks. It accounts for 30% of Earth's freshwater.

The Arctic ice cap _____.

floats on top of the Arctic Ocean

Rivers ____.

flow downhill because of gravity

Most freshwater-use is _____.

for industry and electrical power

Glaciers _____.

form when snow stays in the same place for a long time

A confined aquifer is _____.

found between two impermeable layers

Which of the following is the most permeable?

gravel

Evaporation _____.

happens more quickly in warm areas than cool ones

Kettle lakes form when _____.

ice chunks break off a glacier, then melt

Groundwater _____.

is recharged by precipitation

How much of Earth's surface freshwater is found in lakes?

87%

How much of the Earth's ice is located in Antarctica?

90%

Which of the following is part of the smallest percentage of freshwater?

Lake Powell

Which of the following locations will most likely have the highest rate of evaporation?

Pacific Ocean

Which of the following is the average height of the ocean's surface between high and low tides?

Sea level

tributary

a small creek or stream that feeds a larger river or lake

permeable

allowing a fluid to pass through

watershed

area of land where all the draining water goes into the same river system

tide

alternate rising and falling of the ocean caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the Sun

porosity

amount of air space between soil or rock particles

A watershed is _____.

an area where all water drains into the same river system

What is the smallest lithostratigraphic rock unit?

bed

Water _____.

boils at 100°C

Global warming _____.

causes the sea to rise, which can contaminate freshwater sources

Hot water _____.

holds less dissolved oxygen than cold water

thermohaline circulation

movement of deep ocean water driven by differences in temperature, salinity, and density

Most of the water vapor in Earth's atmosphere comes from _____.

oceans, seas, lakes, and rivers


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