Intro to Engineering and Design EOC Study Guide

Object Line

A heavy solid line used on a drawing to represent the outline of an object.

Blind Hole

A hole that does not go completely through the workpiece

Criteria

A means of judging. A standard, rule, or test by which something can be judged.

Median

A measure of center in a set of numerical data. The median of a list of values is the value appearing at the center of a sorted version of the list - or the mean of the two central values if the list contains an even number of values

Dial Caliper

A measuring instrument having two adjustable jaws typically used to measure diameter or thickness

Caliper

A measuring instrument having two adjustable jaws typically used to measure distance or thickness.

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

A private, non-profit organization that coordinates the development and use of a voluntary consensus standards in the United States

Balance

A condition in which different elements are equal or in the correct positions. Three different types: Asymmetry, Symmetry, and Radial

Aesthetically Pleasing

How a product looks or feels

Cutting plane line

Line drawn on a view where a cut was made in order to define the location of the imaginary section plane; The plane that is created in order to slice through a part or assembly to show the interior details.

Leader Line

Line which indicates dimensions of arcs, circles and detail.

Short-Break Line

Line which shows where part is broken to reveal detail behind the part or to shorten a long continuous part.

dimension lines

Lines that are thin lines capped with arrowheads, which may be broken along their length to provide space for the dimension numerals.

Cabinet Pictorial

Oblique pictorial where depth is represented as half scale compared to the height and width scale.

Cavalier Pictorial

Oblique pictorial where height, width, and depth are represented at full scale.

Size Dimension

Placed directly on a feature to identify a specific size or may be connected to a feature in the form of a note

Freehand

Sketching which is done manually without the aid of instruments such as rulers.

Volume

The amount of three-dimensional space occupied by an object or enclosed within a container

Standard Deviation

The distance of a value in a population (or sample) from the mean value of the population (or sample)

Mathematical Modeling

The process of choosing and using appropriate mathematics and statistics to analyze empirical situations, to understand them better, and to improve decisions

Rewards engineering

The process of taking something apart and analyzing it's working in detail.

reverse engineering

The process of taking something apart and analyzing its workings in detail, usually with the intention to understand function, prepare documentation, electronic data, or construct a new or improved device or program, without actually copying from the original.

Measurement

The process of using dimensions, quantity, or capacity by comparison with a standard in order to mark off, apportion, lay out, or establish dimensions.

Marketing

The promotion and selling of products or services

Color

The property possessed by an object of producing different sensations on the eye as a result of the way it reflects of emits light.

Solid

A three-dimensional body or geometric figure.

Density

The measure of mass density is a measure of mass per volume

Width

The measurement associated with an object's side-to-side dimension

Height

The measurement associated with an object's top-to-bottom dimension

Ethics

The moral principles for governing or influencing conduct

Problem Identification

The recognition of an unwelcome or harmful matter needing to be dealt with.

Shading

The representation of light and shade on a sketch or map.

Tonal shading

The representation of light and shade on a sketch or map.

∅

Diameter symbol

Range

Difference between the largest and smallest values that occur in a set of data

Multi view drawing

Drawing which contains views of an object projected onto two or more other organic planes.

Working drawings

Drawings that convey all of the information needed to manufacture and assemble a design.

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency

Taper

Gradual diminution of width or thickness in an elongated object

Taped

Gradual diminution of width or thickness in an elongated object.

Graph bar

Graph of vertical bars representing the frequency distribution of a set of data.

Tapped hole

Has internal treads

projected views

Views of either the sides, front, or any other side on a drawing sheet

sweep

a movement in an arc

trade-off

alternatives that must be given up when one is chosen over another

ethical

conforming to accepted standards of social or professional behavior

Asses

To thoroughly and methodically analyze accomplishment against specific goals and criteria.

project geometry

have part, make new sketch plane, and mirror

output

production of a certain amount

sheet

(mathematics) an unbounded two-dimensional shape

Constraint

1. A limit to a design process. Constraints may be such things as appearance, funding, space, materials, and human capabilities. 2. A limitation or restriction.

Line

1. A long thin mark on a surface. 2. A continuous extent of length, straight or curved, without breadth or thickness; the trace of a moving point. 3. Long, narrow mark or band.

Scale

1. A straight-edged strip of rigid material marked at regular intervals that is used to measure distances. 2. A proportion between two sets of dimensions used to develop accurate, larger or smaller prototypes, or models.

Design

1. An iterative decision-making process, that produces plans by which resources are converted into products or systems that meet human needs and wants to solve problems. 2.A plan or drawing produced to show the look and function or workings of something before it is built or 3. A decorative pattern.

Aesthetic

1. Concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty. 2. Of pleasing appearance

engineering design process

1. Define a Problem 2. Brainstorm 3. Research and Generate ideas 4. Identify Criteria and Specify Constraints 5. Explore Possibilities 6. Select an Approach 7. Develop a Design Proposal 8. Make a model or Prototype 9. Test and Evaluate the Design using Specification 10. Refine the Design 11. Create or Make Solution 12. Communicate Processes and Results

Form

1. Having the three dimensions of length, width, and depth. Also referred to as a solid. 2. The organization, placement, or relationship of basic elements, as volumes or voids in a sculpture, so as to produce a coherent image

Space

1. The dimensions of height, depth, and width within which all things exist and move. 2. A free or unoccupied area or expanse

Documentation

1. The documents that are required for something or that give evidence or proof of something. 2. Drawings or printed information that contain instructions for assembling, installing, operating, and servicing

Harmony

1. The quality of forming a pleasing and consistent whole. 2. Agreement or concord

Proportion

1. The relationship of one thing to another in size, amount, etc. 2. Size or weight relationships among structures or among elements in a single structure

surface area

1. The sum of all the areas of all the faces or surfaces that enclose a solid. 2. The sum of all the areas of all surfaces of a solid.

Centroid

A 3D point defining the geometric center of the solid

Parametric modeling

A CAD modeling method that uses parameters to define the size and geometry of the features and to create relationships between features. Changing a parameter value updates all related features of the model at once.

balloons

A circled number identifying each part shown in an assembly drawing. Also called a ball tag or bubble number.

Counter Sink

A conical-shaped recess around a hole, often used to receive a tapered screw

Fillet

A curve formed at the interior intersection between two or more surfaces

Graph

A diagram showing the relation between variable quantities, typically of two variables measured along a pair of lines at right angles

Reference Dimension

A dimension, usually without a tolerance, used for information purposes only. A reference is a repeat of a given dimension or established from other values shown on a drawing. Reference dimensions are enclosed in ( ) on the drawing

Detail Drawing

A dimensioned, working drawing of a single part. Also referred to as part drawing

detail drawing

A dimensioned, working drawing of a single part. Also referred to as part drawing.

Datum Dimensioning

A dimensioning system where each dimension originates from a common surface, plane, or axis. Also known as baseline dimensioning

Baseline Dimensioning

A dimensioning system where each dimension originates from a common surface, plane, or axis. Also known as datum dimensioning

Unidirectional Dimension

A dimensioning system which requires all numerals, figures, and notes to be lettered horizontally and to be read from the bottom of the drawing sheet

Part Drawing

A drawing that contains all of the information for making one part of the design

Technical Working Drawing

A drawing that is used to show the material, size, and shape of a product for manufacturing purposes.

assembly drawing

A drawing that shows the various parts of an item when assembled.

Plane

A flat surface on which a straight line joining any two points would wholly lie.

Oblique Sketch

A form of pictorial in which an object is represented as true width and height, but the depth can be any size and drawn at any angle.

Isometric Sketch

A form of pictorial sketch in which all three drawing axes form equal angles of 120 degrees with the plane of projection.

Perspective Sketch

A form of pictorial sketch in which vanishing points are used to provide the depth and distortion that is seen with the human eye. Perspective drawings can be drawn using one, two, and three vanishing points.

Drawing

A formal graphical representation of an object containing information based on the drawing type.

Prototype

A full scale working model used to test a design concept by making actual observations and necessary adjustments.

Normal Distribution

A function that represents the distribution of variables as a symmetrical bell-shaped graph.

Occupation Safety and Health Association

A government organization whose mission is to assure the safety and health of America's workers by setting and enforcing standards; Providing training, outreach, and education; Establishing partnerships; And encouraging continual improvement in workplace safety and health

Scatter Plot

A graph in the coordinate plane representing a set of bivariate data

Histogram

A graph of vertical bars representing the frequency distribution of a set of data

Assembly

A group of machined or handmade parts that fit together to form a self-contained unit

Virtual Team

A group of people that rely primarily or exclusively on electronic forms of communication to work together in accomplishing goals

Class Interval

A group of values that is used to analyze the distribution of data

Brainstorm

A group technique for solving problems, generating ideas, stimulating creative thinking, etc. by unrestrained spontaneous participation in discussion

Work Axis

A line that extends forever in two directions; Useful for locating the center of a hole or cylinder; Used in creation of revolved features; May be constrained to in assembly models

Hidden Line

A line type that represents an edge that is not directly visible, because it is behind or beneath another surface.

break line

A line used to interrupt a drawing if an object will not fit on a drawing sheet.

phantom line

A line used to show the alternate positions of an object or matching part without interfering with the main drawing.

Center Line

A line which defines the center of arcs, circles, or symmetrical parts.

Long-Break Line

A line which indicates that a very long objects with uniform detail is drawn foreshortened.

parts list

A list of materials or parts specified for a project. Also referred to as a bill of materials or BOM.

Location dimension

A location dimension that defines the relationship of features of an object.

Point

A location in space.

Orthographic Projection

A method of representing three-dimensional objects on a plane having only length and breadth. Also referred to as Right Angle Projection.

Input/Output Model

A model which is used to identify what goes into and out of the product to make it work as a system

Grid

A network of lines that cross each other to form a series of squares or rectangles.

Invention

A new product, system, or process that has never existed before, created by study and experimentation.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

A non-governmental global organization whose principal activity is the development of technical standards through consensus.

Numeric Constraint

A number value or algebraic equation that is used to control the size or location of a geometric figure

Mean

A number, A measure of center in a set of numerical data, computed by adding the values in a list and then dividing by the number of values in the list; Average

Design Statement

A part of design brief that challenges the designer, describes what a design solution should do without describing how to solve the problem, and identifies the degree to which the solution must be executed.

Client

A person using the services of a professional person or organization.

Designer

A person who designs any of a variety of things. This usually implies the task of creating drawings or in some ways uses visual cues to organize his or her work.

Engineer

A person who is trained in and uses technological and scientific knowledge to solve practical problems.

portfolio

A place to house your assignments

Iterative

A process that repeats a series of steps over and over until the desired outcome is obtained.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

A professional engineering organization that is know for setting codes and standards for mechanical devices in the united states. ASME drawing standards are found in the Y-14M publications. The acronym for the american society of Mechanical Engineers.

Parameter

A property of system whose value determines how the system will behave.

Cartesian Coordinate System

A rectangular coordinate system created by three mutually perpendicular coordinate axes, commonly labeled X, Y, and Z

Ellipse

A regular oval shape, traced by a point moving in a plane so that the sum of its distances from two other points is constant, or resulting when a cone is cut by an oblique plane which does not intersect the base.

Rhythm

A regularly reassuring sequence of events or actions.

Web

A relatively thin flat member acting as a brace support; Also called a rib

Rib

A relatively thin flat member acting as a brace support; Also called a web

Pattern

A repeated decorative design

Sketch

A rough representation of the main features of an object or scene and often made as a preliminary study.

Half Section

A sectional drawing based on a cutting plane line that cuts through one-quarter of an object. A half section reveals half of the interior and half of the exterior

Full Section

A sectional drawing based on a cutting plane line that extends completely through an object

spotface

A shallow recess like a counterbore, used to provide a good bearing surface for a fastener.

annotated sketches

A sketch supplied with or containing explanatory notes or textual comments

Pictorial Sketch

A sketch that shows an object's height, width, and depth in a single view.

Tangent

A straight or curved line that intersects a circle or arc at one point only

Aligned Dimension

A system of dimensioning which requires all numerals, figures, and notes to be aligned with the dimension lines so that they may be read from the bottom (for horizontal dimensions) and from the right side (for vertical dimensions)

Design Process

A systematic problem-solving strategy, with criteria and constraints, used to develop many possible solutions to solve a problem or satisfy human needs and wants and to winnow (narrow) down the possible solutions to one final choice

title block

A table located in the bottom right-hand corner of an engineering drawing that identifies, in an organized way, all of the necessary information that is not given on the drawing itself. Also referred to as a title strip.

Product

A tangible artifact produced by means of either human or mechanical work, or by biological or chemical process.

Gantt Chart

A time and activity bar chart that is used for planning, managing, and controlling major programs that have a distinct beginning and end.

Bilateral tolerance

A tolerance in which variation is permitted in both directions from the specified dimension.

Unidirectional Tolerance

A tolerance in which variation is permitted in only one direction from the specified dimension

Unilateral Tolerance

A tolerance in which variation is permitted in only one direction from the specified dimension

decision matrix

A tool for systematically ranking alternatives according to a set of criteria.

Right Triangle

A triangle containing a 90 degree angle

Obtuse Triangle

A triangle containing an angle that is greater than 90 degrees

Circumscribe

A triangle located around a polygon such as a circle; To draw a figure around another, touching at points but not cutting it

Acute Triangle

A triangle that contains only angles that measure less than 90 degrees

Shape

A two-dimensional contour that characterizes an object or area, in contrast to three-dimensional form.

Solid Modeling

A type of 3D CAD modeling that represents the volume of an object as opposed to just its lines and surfaces

pneumatics

A type of fluid power that uses compressed air or other neutral gases.

hydraulics

A type of fluid power that uses pressurized liquid, for example, oil or water.

Detail View

A view that is used to show a magnified view of features that are too small to adequately specify in another view

model

A visual, mathematical, or three-dimensional representation in detail of an object or design, often smaller than the original. A model is often used to test ideas, make changes to a design, and to learn more about what would happen to a similar, real object.

Design Brief

A written plan that identifies a problem to be solved, its criteria, and its constraints. The design brief is used to encourage thinking of all aspects of a problem before attempting a solution.

Market research

Activity of gathering info about consumers needs and preferences.

Line Weight

Also called line width. The thickness of a line, characterized as thick or thin.

Chain Dimensioning

Also known as point-to-point dimensioning where dimensions are established from one point to the next

mock-up

Also referred to as an Appearance Model. A model or replica of a machine or structure for instructional or experimental purposes.

ASME

American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Subassembly

An assembled part that is a part of a larger assembly

exploded assembly

An assembly drawing in which parts are moved out of position along an axis so that each individual part is visible.

mechanism

An assembly of moving parts completing a complete functional motion.

Engineering Notebook

An engineering notebook is a book in which an engineer will formally document, in chronological order, all of his/her work that is associated with a specific design project.

Scale model

An enlarged or reduced representation of an object that is usually intended for study purposes.

Assessment

An evaluation technique for technology that requires analyzing benefits and risks, understanding the trade-offs, and then determining the best action to take in order to ensure that the desired positive outcomes outweigh the negative consequences.

Piling-on

An idea that produces a similar idea or an enhanced idea.

Projection Line

An imaginary line that is used to locate or project the corners, edges, and features of a three-dimensional object onto an imaginary two-dimensional surface.

Projection Plane

An imaginary surface between the object and the observer on which the view of the object is projected and drawn.

Innovation

An improvement of an existing technological product, system, or method of doing something.

International System of Units (SI)

An international system of units of measurement consisting of seven base units

Weight density

An objects weight per unit volume.

auxiliary view

An orthographic view of an object using a direction of sight other than one of the six basic views (front, top, right-side, rear, bottom, left-side); used to show a surface that is not parallel to any of the principal view planes; View used to show features that is located on an inclined surface in true size and shape.

Profile

An outline of an object when viewed from one side.

Revolve

CAD function used to create a 3D representation of an object based off of a two dimensional drawing

Spline

CAD function used to create a wire paper clip

Statistics

Collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, organizing, summarizing, and representing, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on data.

Geometric Constraint

Constant, non-numerical relationships between the parts of a geometric figure. Examples include parallelism, perpendicularity, and concentricity

Insert

Constraint used to insert a pin, screw, axle, etc., inside of a hole

Mate

Constraint used to make the faces or edges of two objects touch

Flush

Constraint used to make two faces or edges face the same direction

∨

Counter sink symbol

Revolution

Creating a 3D solid or surface by revolving a 2D shape about an axis

input

Data that is entered into the computer system via an input or storage device.

∘

Degree symbol

↧

Depth symbol

fluid power

Energy transmitted and controlled by means of a pressurized fluid, either liquid or gas. The term fluid power applies to both hydraulics and pneumatics.

Three spatial dimensions

Height, width, depth.

Black Box

In an Input/Output Model, a box that is used to represent the product's internal components or processes, which are deemed unknown at this time

work plane

In drawing software, a created plane of reference that is used as a surface to create a new feature.

Work Point

Independent entity whose location is defined in space; May be projected onto part faces, linear edges, or onto an arc or circle; Can be constrained onto the center points of arcs, circles, and ellipses

Limit dimensions

Largest and smallest possible boundaries to which s feature may be made as related to the tolerance of the dimension.

Value

Lightness or darkness of a color in relation to a scale ranging from white to black.

Clearance fit

Limits the size of mating parts so that a clearance always results when mating parts are assembled.

Interference Fit

Limits the size of mating parts so that an interference always results when mating parts are assembled

Translation

Motion in which all particles of a body move with the same velocity along parallel paths

Transition fit

Occurs when two mating parts can sometimes have a clearance fit and sometimes have an interference fit

Component

Part or element of a larger whole.

Physical model

Physical representation of an object. Prototypes and appearance models are physical models.

Norms

Principles of right action, binding upon the members of a group and serving to guide, control, or regulate proper and acceptable behavior.

Physical Properties

Properties that define the object, such as: the material something is made of, its mass, density, etc.

Ratio

Quantitative relationship between two amounts showing the number of times one value contains or is contained within the other.

R

Radius symbol

Technical Report

Report that communicates technical information and conclusions about projects to customers, managers, legal authority figures, and other engineers

( )

Reference symbol

Rhythm

Regularly reoccurring sequence of events or actions.

Assembly view

Shows how an assembly is put together.

Emphasis

Special importance, value, or prominence given to something.

product lifecycle

Stages a product goes through from concept and use to eventual withdrawal from the market place.

Line Conventions

Standardization of lines used on technical drawings by line weight and style.

Radial Symmetry

Symmetry about a central axis

Asymmetry

Symmetry in which both halves of a composition are jot identical nalaonreferred tonas informal balance.

Asymmetry

Symmetry in which both halves of a composition are not identical. Also referred to as informal balance

deliverables

Tangible or intangible products of work that must be provided to someone else.

ANSI

The American National Standards Institute is a private non-profit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States.

Mass

The amount of matter in an object or the quantity of the inertia of the object

Interference

The amount of overlap that one part has with another when assembled.

Environmental Protection Agency

The US federal agency with a mission to protect human health and the environment

Creativity

The ability to make or bring a new concept or idea into existence; marked by the ability or power to create.

Tolerance

The acceptable amount of dimensional variation that will still allow an object to function correctly.

Graphic Design

The art of combining text and pictures in advertisements, magazines, books, etc.

Central tendency

The centre of a distribution (mean median or mode)

product evolution

The concept of product evolution applies to products changing physically over time, but serving the same function, e.g., the broom and dustpan being replaced by the vacuum cleaner. A new method of price linking, the representative good approach (RGA), is proposed for measuring product evolution using historical documents.

Symmetry

The correspondence in size, shape, and relative position of parts on opposite sides of a median line or about a central axis. Also referred to as a formal balance.

Accuracy

The degree of closeness of measurements of a quantity to the actual (or accepted) value

Precision

The degree to which repeated measurements show the same result

Significant Digits

The digits in a decimal number that carry meaning contributing to the precision or accuracy of the quantity.

Texture

The feel appearance or consistency of a surface substance or fabric.

Weight

The force of gravity among acting on an object.

Maximum Material Condition (MMC)

The largest size limit of an external feature and the smallest size limit of an internal feature

Edge

The line along which two surfaces of a solid meet.

Center of gravity

The line of intersection created from three mutually perpendicular planes, with the point of intersection at the centroid.

Principal Axes

The lines of intersection created from three mutually perpendicular planes, with the three planes' point of intersection at the centroid of the part

Least Material Condition (LMC)

The smallest size limit of an external feature and the largest size limit of an internal feature

Contrast

The state of being noticeably different from something else when out or considered together.

Unity

The state of being united or forming a whole

ergonomics

The study of workplace equipment design or how to arrange and design devices, machines, or workspace so that people and things interact safely and most efficiently.

Research

The systematic study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.

Allowance

The tightest possible fit between two mating parts

Mode

The value that occurs most frequently in a given data set

Degree of Freedom

The variables by which an object can move. In assemblies, an object floating free in space with no constraints to another object can be moved along three axes of translation and around three axes of rotation. Such a body is said to have six degrees of freedom

Section Lines

Thin lines used in a section view to indicate where the cutting plane line has cut through material.

extension lines

Thin lines used to establish the extent of a dimension. Extension lines begin with a short space from the object and extend to about .125 inches past the last dimension line. Extension lines may cross object lines, center lines, hidden lines, and other extension lines, but may not cross dimension lines.

Annotate

To add explanatory notes to a drawing

Convert

To change money, stocks, or units in which a quantity is expressed into others of a different kind

Tap

To cut internal threads

Inscribe

To draw a figure inside another so that their boundaries touch but do not intersect.

Manufacture

To make something, especially on a large scale using machinery.

Rotation

Turning around an axis or center point

Technical Writing

Type of expository writing that is used to convey information to a particular audience for a particular technical or business purposes

Design matrix

Used to compare design solutions against one another using specific criteria that are often using specific criteria that are often based in project requirements.

Engineering notebook

Used to formally document in chronological order all work associated with a specific design project.

Section view

Used to show "inside" details not apparent on the exterior of the part.

Mode

Value that occurs most frequently in in a given data set

Synergy

When the unit or team becomes stronger than the sum of the individual members.

Offset

When two parts or sections of an object are very close but not touching

oblique

Where the object is without distortion on the front face but the side faces come off at an angle, distorting length

by-product

a secondary and sometimes unexpected consequence

border

a strip forming the outer edge of something

base view

a view of an object from its designated front

consensus

agreement in the judgment or opinion reached by a group as a whole

Construction Line

lightly drawn lines to guide drawing other lines and shapes.

story problems

math problem in a story

dimensions

measurements in width, length, and sometimes depth

exploded

showing the parts of something separated but in positions that show their correct relation to one another

function

the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of an object, person or group

perspective

the appearance of things relative to one another as determined by their distance from the viewer

tone

the general effect of color or light and shade in a picture

loft

to connect multiple faces on separate planes

waste

useless or profitless activity