Intro to Psych: Chapter 7 - Thinking and Intelligence - Test Bank

What do the concepts of representational bias, anchoring bias, and hindsight bias all have in common?

All of the concepts are examples of mental set.

What does ADHD stand for?

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder

Who has the highest IQ?

Cecilee, with a mental age of 9 and a chronological age of 7.

Who was the inventor of statistical technique called factor analysis, a method that compares results of different correlational measures to identify patterns, or "factors," among them?

Charles Spearman

Which researchers suggested that language determines thought?

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale provides a Full Scale IQ measurement, but also breaks intelligence into which two indices?

General Ability and Cognitive Proficiency

Which of the following statements about Howard Gardner is false?

He believed discussing IQ as standard deviations from average was inaccurate

Which of the following statements about Charles Spearman is false?

He divided intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence.

The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme.

I

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

analytical

What three types of intelligence constitute Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence?

analytical, creative, and practical

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes.

artificial

Why are event schemata difficult to change? They are ________.

automatic

Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________.

availability heuristic

Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

bodily kinesthetic

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

confirmation

Not all aspects of cognition are ________.

consciously experienced

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

creative

________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation.

creative

According to Robert Sternberg, _______________ is best described as the ability to use information to address real-world problems.

creative intelligence

Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ________.

divided intelligence into two components

Walter struggles to write legibly and has a difficult time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have?

dysgraphia

Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have?

dyslexia

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

functional fixedness

According to Spearman, it is one's ________ intelligence that produces the positive correlations found between math, reading scores, and visual perception tests.

general

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.

hindsight bias

If intelligence is determined primarily by heredity, which pair should show the highest correlation between IQ scores?

identical twins

Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience.

indirect

Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we ________, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing.

integrate

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

interpersonal

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

interpersonal, intrapersonal

Which of the following is a criticism of the Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf research on language?

it was not empirical

Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another?

language

Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________.

learning disability

The following sentence misuses the word accept: "I'll take all the cupcakes accept the one with cream cheese icing." Which part of language involves knowing the proper use of the word accept?

lexicon

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language?

lexicon

Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, "A Bear in the Woods," and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

linguistic

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

logical-mathematical

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________.

mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

A test that is classified as a "valid" measure is one that

measures what it is intended to measure.

Binet and Simon considered children behind in their schooling if their

mental age were lower than their chronological age

A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working.

mental set

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.

mental set

Schemata are a(an) ________.

method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently

Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily?

mild

Which of the following is not one of the four subtypes of intellectual disability?

modest

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.

morpheme

Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

musical

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a ________ concept.

natural

In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: ________ and ________.

natural, artificial

An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________.

one piece of information versus all of the information

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________.

one standard deviation above the mean

Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept?

patriotism

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

phoneme

Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

practical

Which of the following is not one of the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children?

processing memory

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept

prototype

The measurement of psychological traits and abilities is referred to as

psychometrics

Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________.

representational bias

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________.

revealed a genetic component to intelligence

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.

role

Which of the following is key to generating a bell curve?

sample size

A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts.

schema

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

semantics

Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel?

severe

Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

spatial

Cameron is so surprised by his score on an intelligence test that he decides to take it again. His second score is almost exactly the same as his first score. The test Cameron took appears to have high

test-retest reliability.

Which of the following is not one of the conditions that leads to the impulse to use heuristics?

the decision to be made is important

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________.

thinking

Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________.

thoughts

What is Dyslexia?

unusual difficulty with reading; thought to be the result of some neurological underdevelopment

Which of the following kinds of items would most likely be found on a culture-free IQ test?

visual pattern completion

Parents of African American students filed a case against the state of California in 1979 because they believed the testing method used to identify students with learning disabilities________.

was culturally unfair as the tests were normed and standardized using White children

Which of the following is a key advantage to using a standardized test?

Standardization allows results to be compared across individuals.

The average score on most IQ tests is

100

At what age can babies only discriminate among those phonemes that are used in the language(s) in their environments?

12 months

From ________ months old, children are most capable of using simple sentences such as "I see."

18 to 24

A score on an intelligence test with a percentile rank of .30 indicates that

30% of the population score below a given score

What is dysgraphia?

A specific learning disability related to writing; mainly with handwriting legibly and at age-appropriate speed.

Which of the following statements about algorithms is false?

Algorithms are used frequently in our everyday lives.

What was the most controversial claim in Arthur Jensen's article, "How Much Can We Boost I.Q. and Achievement?"

Level II intelligence is most prevalent among Asians, followed by Caucasians, then African Americans.

The formula which uses chronological age (CA) and mental age (MA) to calculate the intelligence quotient is:

MA / CA x 100.

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Robert Sternberg

what does the Flynn effect refer to?

The increase in average IQ test scores over decades

What is the Flynn effect?

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true "Arthur Jensen theorized that Level I intelligence is responsible for conceptual and analytical abilities while Level II intelligence is responsible for rote memorization."

The placement of the phrases "Level I" and "Level II" should be switched.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Fluid intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it."

The word "Fluid" should be changed to the word "Crystallized."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "A prototype is a category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences."

The word "prototype" should be changed to the word "concept."

What is the most commonly used intelligence for testing adolescents and adults?

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

A test is said to be reliable if

a person's score on a test is pretty much the same every time he or she takes it.

What is a stereotype threat?

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

Which of the following is a healthy older adult most likely to do as well—or even better than—a younger adult?

a vocabulary test

After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over.

babbling

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

cognition

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

concepts

________ and ________ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors.

emotion, memory

a (an) ________ schema is also known as a cognitive script.

event

Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________.

experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores

The likelihood of functional fixedness occurring may be influenced by culture, and it is________.

experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally

Natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our ________.

experiences

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence

fluid

What is confirmation bias?

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs