intro to psychology

researchers who allow their expectations about what they will see to affect the results of their observation studies are suffering from

observer bias

experimenters control the effects of extraneous or confounding variables upon members of experimental and control groups by using

random assignment

pavlov showed that a ____ could be induced by a formally unrelated stimulus.

reflexive response

according to b.f.'s skinner, behavioral responses that are followed by pleasurable consequences are __

reinforced

a __ is a measure of the relationship b/w two or more variables.

correlation

the first step in the scientific method is

perceiving the question

which research method will allow researchers to determind the cause of a behavior?

experiment

which of the following is true about gestalt psychology?

it is focused on perception of patterns and whole figures

gestalt psychology is best described by the slogan,

"the whole is greater than the sum of its parts"

a ___ has a medical degree and is a medical doctor

psychiatrist

if there is a ___ in a medical experiment, the control group will show changes in the dependent variable even if they are given a harmless substitute rather than a real drug

a placebo effect

an institutional review board reviews

a study's safety and consideration for the research participants

evolutionary psychology looks at humans's aversion to bitter tastes as

adaptive

the bystander effect says that people in a crowd are ____ help someone in trouble as compared to a person witnessing someone in need of help in the absence of others.

less likely to

w/in the field of psychology, mental process refers to

all internal convert activity of our minds

john watson believed that phobias

are learned through the process of conditioning

What did watson believe about behavior?

behavior is learned

anna is 45 years old and is suffering from hot flashes and extreme moodiness. from a ____ perspective, anna's symptoms can be attributed to menopause.

biopsychological

the situation of phineas gage was a perfect for a

case study

functionalism is heavily influenced by the work of

charles darwin

the largest subfield of psychology is

clinical

___ psychology focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use info

cognitive

today, gestalt psychology ideas are part of which branch of psychology?

cognitive

____ is the study of the physical changes in the brain and nervous system during thinking.

cognitive neuroscience

harboring a belief that all male motorcyclists wear beards, then only noticing bearded motorcyclists is an example of

confirmation bias

according to behavioral perspective, a child who cries and is rewarded by getting his mother's attention will

cry again in the future

which of the following is a guideline of dealing w/ human research participants?

data must remain confidential

if the deception is necessary, participants must then be ___ after the study.

debriefed

neither the participants nor the experiment know if the participants are in the control or experimental group in a

double-blind study

Freud believed that ____ experiences were the most important

early childhood

only 40% of psychologists are

employed in educational settings

which perspective focuses on the biological bases for universal mental characteristics that all humans share?

evolutionary

when you make a prediction about the explanation for your observations, you are

forming a hypothesis

Which early perspective in psychology, associated w/ william james, focused on how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play?

functionalism

the psychological perspective that is associated w/ william james is

functionalism

Annabeth believes that psychology should focus on the purpose of the mind- how it allows us to work, play, and adapt to our surroundings. annabeth would be most aptly described as

functionalist

how does humanism differ from psychodynamic theory and behaviorism

humanism focuses on people's ability to direct their own lives

correlation will tell researchers all of the following except __ between variables.

if there is a causation

what referred to the process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activites as objective

introspection

Freud's theory of psychoanalysis

is still in use by professionals today, w/ less emphasis on sex and sexual motivations

why was william james reluctant to accept wundt's ideas regarding introspection and structuralism?

james felt that consciousness is an ever-changing phenomenon, and that it was not possible to objectively measure it w/o alternating it

critical thinking is the ability to make reasoned __

judgments

psychologists in the counseling specialization

must be licensed to practice in their states

in the measuring the effect of violent cartoons on childhood aggression, researchers must identify the ___ of "aggressive behavior"

operational definition

mary is a psychologist who focuses on the role of the conscious and unconscious mind. to which perspective does mary ascribe?

psychodynamic

which professional has a doctorate degree and works with humans in a variety of settings

psychologists

By making a loud noise when "little albert" was presented w/ a rat, John Watson taught the baby to fear rats

phobias could be learned through conditioning

if researcher finds that people's shoe sizes increase as their height increases, then shoe size and height have

positive correlation

biopsychology has found mounting evidence of a biological cause of

schizophrenia

b/c psychologists want to be precise and measure as carefully as they can, they use the ___ to study psychology.

scientific method

when rashid graduated from college, he believed he had finally achieved his full potential. Maslow called this

self authorization

the psychodynamic perspective draws from the work of

sigmund freud

the belief that every experience can be broken down into its individual emotions and sensations is known as

structuralism

the view that objective introspection could be used on thoughts as well as physical sensations is known as

structuralism

which of the following is a reason researchers prefer to use animals in experiments instead of humans?

studying long-term effects is much easier

In a negative correlation

the 2 variable have an inverse relationship

if a correlation coefficient is positive,

the 2 variables move in the same direction

what is the main advantage of laboratory observation?

the degree of control it gives the researcher

the sociocultural perspective studies

the effect people have on one another, both individually and in a large group

mrs. o'conner participated in a study in which she was told she would try out a new allergy medicine. she was in the group that received a sugar pill but she believe that the pill did indeed help control her allergy symptoms. this phenomenon is known as

the placebo effect

in an experiment in which half of the participants are given a caffeinated product and half are given a decaffeinated product to determine if caffeine will make them more talkative, the independent variable is

the presence or absence of caffeine

Freud proposed that there is a ____ mind into which we repress threatening urges and desires

unconscious

in an experiment, it is best to divide participants into the control or experimental group by

using random assignments

one drawback to the survey method is the

way in which a question is worded can affect the answer

____ is known as the "father of psychology"

wilhlem wundt