intro to psychology
researchers who allow their expectations about what they will see to affect the results of their observation studies are suffering from
observer bias
experimenters control the effects of extraneous or confounding variables upon members of experimental and control groups by using
random assignment
pavlov showed that a ____ could be induced by a formally unrelated stimulus.
reflexive response
according to b.f.'s skinner, behavioral responses that are followed by pleasurable consequences are __
reinforced
a __ is a measure of the relationship b/w two or more variables.
correlation
the first step in the scientific method is
perceiving the question
which research method will allow researchers to determind the cause of a behavior?
experiment
which of the following is true about gestalt psychology?
it is focused on perception of patterns and whole figures
gestalt psychology is best described by the slogan,
"the whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
a ___ has a medical degree and is a medical doctor
psychiatrist
if there is a ___ in a medical experiment, the control group will show changes in the dependent variable even if they are given a harmless substitute rather than a real drug
a placebo effect
an institutional review board reviews
a study's safety and consideration for the research participants
evolutionary psychology looks at humans's aversion to bitter tastes as
adaptive
the bystander effect says that people in a crowd are ____ help someone in trouble as compared to a person witnessing someone in need of help in the absence of others.
less likely to
w/in the field of psychology, mental process refers to
all internal convert activity of our minds
john watson believed that phobias
are learned through the process of conditioning
What did watson believe about behavior?
behavior is learned
anna is 45 years old and is suffering from hot flashes and extreme moodiness. from a ____ perspective, anna's symptoms can be attributed to menopause.
biopsychological
the situation of phineas gage was a perfect for a
case study
functionalism is heavily influenced by the work of
charles darwin
the largest subfield of psychology is
clinical
___ psychology focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use info
cognitive
today, gestalt psychology ideas are part of which branch of psychology?
cognitive
____ is the study of the physical changes in the brain and nervous system during thinking.
cognitive neuroscience
harboring a belief that all male motorcyclists wear beards, then only noticing bearded motorcyclists is an example of
confirmation bias
according to behavioral perspective, a child who cries and is rewarded by getting his mother's attention will
cry again in the future
which of the following is a guideline of dealing w/ human research participants?
data must remain confidential
if the deception is necessary, participants must then be ___ after the study.
debriefed
neither the participants nor the experiment know if the participants are in the control or experimental group in a
double-blind study
Freud believed that ____ experiences were the most important
early childhood
only 40% of psychologists are
employed in educational settings
which perspective focuses on the biological bases for universal mental characteristics that all humans share?
evolutionary
when you make a prediction about the explanation for your observations, you are
forming a hypothesis
Which early perspective in psychology, associated w/ william james, focused on how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play?
functionalism
the psychological perspective that is associated w/ william james is
functionalism
Annabeth believes that psychology should focus on the purpose of the mind- how it allows us to work, play, and adapt to our surroundings. annabeth would be most aptly described as
functionalist
how does humanism differ from psychodynamic theory and behaviorism
humanism focuses on people's ability to direct their own lives
correlation will tell researchers all of the following except __ between variables.
if there is a causation
what referred to the process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activites as objective
introspection
Freud's theory of psychoanalysis
is still in use by professionals today, w/ less emphasis on sex and sexual motivations
why was william james reluctant to accept wundt's ideas regarding introspection and structuralism?
james felt that consciousness is an ever-changing phenomenon, and that it was not possible to objectively measure it w/o alternating it
critical thinking is the ability to make reasoned __
judgments
psychologists in the counseling specialization
must be licensed to practice in their states
in the measuring the effect of violent cartoons on childhood aggression, researchers must identify the ___ of "aggressive behavior"
operational definition
mary is a psychologist who focuses on the role of the conscious and unconscious mind. to which perspective does mary ascribe?
psychodynamic
which professional has a doctorate degree and works with humans in a variety of settings
psychologists
By making a loud noise when "little albert" was presented w/ a rat, John Watson taught the baby to fear rats
phobias could be learned through conditioning
if researcher finds that people's shoe sizes increase as their height increases, then shoe size and height have
positive correlation
biopsychology has found mounting evidence of a biological cause of
schizophrenia
b/c psychologists want to be precise and measure as carefully as they can, they use the ___ to study psychology.
scientific method
when rashid graduated from college, he believed he had finally achieved his full potential. Maslow called this
self authorization
the psychodynamic perspective draws from the work of
sigmund freud
the belief that every experience can be broken down into its individual emotions and sensations is known as
structuralism
the view that objective introspection could be used on thoughts as well as physical sensations is known as
structuralism
which of the following is a reason researchers prefer to use animals in experiments instead of humans?
studying long-term effects is much easier
In a negative correlation
the 2 variable have an inverse relationship
if a correlation coefficient is positive,
the 2 variables move in the same direction
what is the main advantage of laboratory observation?
the degree of control it gives the researcher
the sociocultural perspective studies
the effect people have on one another, both individually and in a large group
mrs. o'conner participated in a study in which she was told she would try out a new allergy medicine. she was in the group that received a sugar pill but she believe that the pill did indeed help control her allergy symptoms. this phenomenon is known as
the placebo effect
in an experiment in which half of the participants are given a caffeinated product and half are given a decaffeinated product to determine if caffeine will make them more talkative, the independent variable is
the presence or absence of caffeine
Freud proposed that there is a ____ mind into which we repress threatening urges and desires
unconscious
in an experiment, it is best to divide participants into the control or experimental group by
using random assignments
one drawback to the survey method is the
way in which a question is worded can affect the answer
____ is known as the "father of psychology"
wilhlem wundt