Intro to public speaking: test three

Video

- Short - Cue in speech to start clip - Intergrade smoothly (use transition works and phrases) - Avoid low-resolution videos

Charts

- Summarizes large blocks of info, usually as lists - Helps listeners visualize info - Shows steps of process - Is kept simple and clear

Methods of persuasion (17)

- build credibility - use evidence - use reasoning - appeal to emotions

Effective fonts

-Clear, easy to read -Normal case -Standardized across slides -Properly sized titles, body text

Enhancing Credibility

1) Explain your competence. 2) Establish common ground with your audience. 3) Deliver your speeches expressively and with conviction

Five guidelines for informative speaking

1. Do not overestimate what the audience knows 2. Relate the subject directly to the audience 3. Do not be too technical 4. Avoid abstractions 5. Personalize your ideas

kinds of visual aids

1. Objects and models 2. Photographs and drawings 3. Graphs 4. Charts 5. Video 6. The speaker 7. Presentation technology

Policy Organization

1. Problem-solution 2. problem-cause-solution 3. comparative advantages 4. Monroe's motivated sequence

Four kinds of informative speeches (15)

1. speeches about objects (ex. rivers) 2. speeches about processes (ex. cooking eggs) 3. speeches about events (ex. Mardi Gras) 4. speeches about concepts (ex. communism)

problem and solution

2 main point, problem and solution to problem

problem-cause-solution

3 main points 1. describes a problem 2. explains the cause of the problem 3. a solution to the problem

Small groups (20)

3 to 12 people assembled for a specific purpose

Fallacy

An error in reasoning, usually due to: - Hasty generalization - False cause - Invalid analogy - Bandwagon - Red herring - Ad hominem - either or - appeal to tradition - appeal to novelty

Pathos

Aristotle name for emotional appeal; appeals intended to evoke a certain emotion - use emotional language - develop vivid examples - speak with sincerity and conviction

logos

Aristotle's name for logical appeal (you must support appeal with logic and reasoning)

slippery slope

Assuming first step will lead to later steps that can't be prevented

appeal to novelty

Assuming something new is automatically better than old

appeal to tradition

Assuming something old is automatically better than something new

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Attention: gain attention Need: show need for change Satisfaction: provide solution Visualization: enhance solution by visualizing benefits Action: urge action for solution

Visual Aid Advantages (14)

Clarity Interest Retention Credibility Persuasiveness

Presentation technology

Combines several audio-visual materials

maintenance needs

Communicative actions that maintain relations in group

analogical reasoning

Comparing two similar cases in which what is true for the first case is also true for the second (ex. if your good at tennis, you might also be good at ping-pong)

Consensus

Decision acceptable to all members

recorded online speech

Delivered, recorded, uploaded to Internet

Presenting visual aids

Display where listeners can see Avoid passing Display only while discussing Explain clearly, concisely Talk to audience, not to visual aid Practice with visual aids Check room & equipment

photos and drawings

Enlarge for audience Avoid passing (make sure you show the audience while presenting your speech) Display with PowerPoint/ presentation tech

Reflective thinking method

Five-step method for directing discussion

Effective colors

High contrast Easy to see Limited number Consistent across slides

Leadership

Influencing group to help achieve goals ; good leaders are good listeners The four types: implied, emergent, designated, and nonspecific

Types of credibility

Initial (before speech) Derived (Produced during speech) Terminal (after/at the end of speech)

red herring

Irrelevant issue diverting attention from actual subject

Required policy issues in question of policy speeches

Is there a need? Do you have a plan? Is it practical?

Strategic images

Large enough High-resolution Clear, simple Title included on slide

designated leader

Member elected or appointed as leader by group

mental dialogue

Mental give and take between speaker and listener

False cause

Mistakenly assuming that first event causes second simply because the second follows the first

specific instances

Moving from particular facts to general conclusion • Avoid hasty generalizations • Qualify argument when necessary • Reinforce argument with statistics, testimony

The speaker

Must use body to demonstrate procedures and must practice to coordinate words and actions

visual environment

On-screen elements seen by audience during online speech

Preparing visual aids

Prepare well in advance Keep simple Make large enough Limit amount of text Use fonts effectively Use color effectively (high contrast, easy to see, limited number, consistent across slides) Use images strategically

Symposium

Public presentation in which people give speeches on different aspects of topic

procedural needs

Routine "housekeeping" actions necessary for conducting group business

types of reasoning

Specific instances Principle Causal Analogical

Acceptance

Speech giving thanks for the gift, award, recognition

commemoration

Speech paying tribute to person, group, institution, idea (ex. eulogy) (should inspire audience, heighten appreciation, adjust content to fit situation, use creative language)

presentation

Speech presenting gift, award, some recognition

Oral report

Speech presenting group's findings, decisions, etc.

Panel discussion

Structured conversation among people in front of audience

task needs

Substantive (important) actions necessary for the group to complete the task

Evidence

Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something

nonspecific leader

There is no specific leader, but everyone in the group works equally and respects one another

Hidden agenda

Unstated individual goals that may conflict with group goals

Tips for evidence

Use specific evidence Use novel evidence Use credible evidence Make clear point of evidence

Line Graph

Uses one or more lines to show changes over time

Bar graph

Uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons

implied leaders

a group member to whom other members defer because of her or his rank, expertise, or other quality

emergent leader

a group member who emerges as a leader during the group's deliberations (they emerge either by force or by charm; not elected, they simply take charge)

passive agreement

a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy

questions of value

a question about the worth or rightness of an idea or action

question of policy

a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

special occasion speech (18)

a speech whose general purpose is to entertain, celebrate, commemorate, inspire, or set a social agenda

ad hominem

attacking the person rather than the argument

immediate action

convinces audience to act in support of policy

persuasion (16)

creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions

Question of fact

deals with the truth or falsity of an assertion

comparative advantage

each main point explains why one solution is preferable to the other

casual reasoning

establishing relationship between cause and effect - there are always multiple causes for an effect - avoid fallacy of false cause

either or

forcing a choice between two alternatives when more exist

problem-solving group

formed to solve a problem; once problem is solved, the group disbands

Pie graph

highlights segments of circle to show distribution patterns

Special occasion speech types

introduction, presentation, acceptance, commemoration

Hasty generalization

jumping to conclusions based on insufficient evidence

principle

moving from general principle to specific conclusion - use major premise that listeners will accept - provide evidence for minor premise

credibility

perception of speaker's competence and character; Aristotle called credibility ethos

group needs (tasks of a leader)

procedural, task and maintenance

3 types of persuasive speeches

question of fact, question of value, question of policy

Graphs

shows statistical trends and patterns

bandwagon

something is good because it is popular

introduction (special occasion)

speech introducing the main speaker to the audience (brief, accurate, adapt to occasion and audience, builds a sense of anticipation)

Degrees of Persuasion

strongly opposed moderately opposed slightly opposed neutral slightly in favor moderately in favor strongly in favor (You need to focus more on people who may be opposed to your topic than those who already agree)

reasoning

the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence

invalid analogy

two cases being compared are not alike

Presentation technology guidelines

use strategically use to enhance specific points don't overpower presentation (don't overuse them) don't read from screen

remember audience

• Adapt effectively to remote audience • Engage in mental dialogue • Keep public in public speaking

Adjust pacing

• Alter what appears on-screen with visual aids • Use brisk tempo akin to other online content

group responsibility

• Commit to group goals • Fulfill individual assignments • Avoid interpersonal conflicts • Encourage full participation • Keep discussion on track

reflective thinking steps

• Define problem • Analyze problem • Establish criteria for solutions • Generate potential solutions • Select best solution

real-time online speech

• Delivered with special software • Remote audience gathered for live viewing • Example: online job interview

Special Nature of Online Environment

• Distinct relationship with audience • Different dimensions of speech communication process

back-up plan

• Distribute outline • Move to conference call • Share via document collaboration program • Move to recorded format • Reschedule

Online environment (19)

• Elements of Internet that influence online speech • Includes remote audience, factors of technology, forms of interference, more

practicing recorded speeches

• Gauge what audience will see • Record, review practice sessions

Practicing real-time speeches

• Practice with computer, software • Use screen-recording function • Update software, operating system

kinds of online speeches

• Recorded online speech • Real-time online speech

tech of real-time speeches

• Select software appropriate for speech, audience, occasion • Master software program

elements of visual environment

• Setting • Lighting • Framing • Eye contact • Personal appearance