Intro to Pysch Exam 2 Review

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. Select one: a.thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory b.sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it c.immediately applying new information using the primacy and recency effects d.organizing information into manageable bits or chunks

a.thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Tayla smokes cannabis. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________. Select one: a.tolerance b.overdrawal c.psychological dependence d.withdrawal

a.tolerance

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning. Select one: a. latent b. observational c. Pavlovian d. operant

b. observational

Morphine is considered a/an ________ drug because it decreases pain. Select one: a. stimulant b. opioid c. antipsychotic d. hallucinogen

b. opioid

What is the main idea of operant conditioning? Select one: a.Fear is a conditioned response. b.Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. c.One can learn new behaviors by observing others. d.Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

b.Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct? Select one: a.Eyewitness testimony is never reliable. b.Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion. c.Eyewitness testimony is always reliable. d.Eyewitness testimony is reliable for events that do not involve crime.

b.Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

Chang gets paid a $50 bonus for every 100 pairs of shoes that he sells. Chang is being reinforced on a ____ schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed ratio b. variable ratio c. fixed interval d. variable interval

a. fixed ratio

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep. Select one: a.REM b.NREM c.night terrors d.non-REM

a.REM

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness? Select one: a. adaptive/evolutionary b. cognitive behavioral c. dependent d. Freudian

a.adaptive/evolutionary

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________. Select one: a. chunking b. elaborative rehearsal c. mnemonic device d. persistence

a.chunking

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world. Select one: a. circadian b. external c. rhythm d. melatonin

a.circadian

What is semantic memory? Select one: a.knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts b.storage of facts and events we personally experienced c. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do skills and actions d.information about events we have personally experienced

a.knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

__________ occurs when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus. Select one: a.stimulus generalization b.stimulus discrimination c.aquisition d.extinction

a.stimulus generalization

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule? Select one: a.taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m. b.playing poker c.playing basketball with your friends after completing your chores d.checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day

a.taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

Which of the following is NOT true of punishment? Select one: a. Punishment may cause increased aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency b. Punishment may teach someone what NOT to do, but does not necessarily encourage a more adaptive/desired behavior c.Punishment has no adverse effects or problems d. Punishment may teach fear and avoidance of the punisher

c.Punishment has no adverse effects or problems

A theta wave is a type of ________. Select one: a.brain wave associated with critical thinking b.brain wave associated with Stage 4 sleep c.brain wave that dominates Stage 2 sleep and is interrupted by sleep spindles and K-Complexes d.brain wave associated with REM

c.brain wave that dominates Stage 2 sleep and is interrupted by sleep spindles and K-Complexes

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity. Select one: a. hallucinogen b. antipsychotic c. depressant d. stimulant

c.depressant

________theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist. Select one: a.Jungian b.cognitive behavioral c.dissociative d.social-cognitive

c.dissociative

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place. Select one: a. effortful processing b. effortless processing c. encoding failure d. enigmatic processing

c.encoding failure

The body's biological clock is located in the ________. a.hippocampus b.thalamus c.hypothalamus d.pituitary gland

c.hypothalamus

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. Select one: a.positive reinforcement b.positive punishment c.negative reinforcement d.negative punishment

c.negative reinforcement

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are using ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer. Select one: a. relearning b. recall c. recognition d. encoding

c.recognition

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? Select one: a.fear cannot be a conditioned response b.boys display fear differently from girls c.boys display more fear than girls d.emotion (fear/phobia) can be a conditioned response

d.emotion (fear/phobia) can be a conditioned response

What is procedural memory? Select one: a.information about events we have personally experienced b.knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts c.storage of facts and events we personally experienced d.type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do skills and actions

d.type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do skills and actions

Which schedule of reinforcement is the most powerful and resistant to extinction? Select one: a.continuous b.fixed interval c.depends on the CS-UCS relationship d.variable ratio

d.variable ratio

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning? Select one: a.when a cat learns to drool at the sound of a can opener b.when a cat and a dog share the same water bowl c.when a dog refuses to roll over d.when a dog rolls over, she gets a treat and is more likely to roll over next time she is given the command

d.when a dog rolls over, she gets a treat and is more likely to roll over next time she is given the command

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)? Select one: a.kicking and punching while asleep b.talking while asleep c.crying while asleep d.snoring while asleep

a.kicking and punching while asleep

What are the two components of declarative memory? Select one: a. semantic and episodic b. short-term and long-term c. procedural and implicit d. implicit and explicit

a.semantic and episodic

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus? Select one: a. recovery b. extinction c. reflex d. acquisition

b. extinction

The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep. Select one: a. beta b. kappa c. alpha d. delta

c. alpha

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information. Select one: a.anterograde; retrograde b.flashbulb; retro-antero c.retrograde; anterograde d.antero-retro; flashbulb

c.retrograde; anterograde

In operant conditioning, what process describes ADDING something aversive to DECREASE the future likelihood of behavior? Select one: a. negative punishment b. negative reinforcement c. positive reinforcement d. positive punishment

d. positive punishment

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this? Select one: a. fixed interval b. variable ratio c. fixed ratio d. variable interval

d. variable interval

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear? Select one: a. NREM Stage 3 b. NREM Stage 1 c. NREM Stage 4 d. NREM Stage 2

d. NREM Stage 2

What occurs during stage 1 sleep? Select one: a.Our respiration slows down while our heartbeat quickens. b.Both our respiration and heartbeat quicken. c.Our respiration quickens while our heartbeat slows down. d.Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

d.Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

I have a deep fear of snakes and when I come across a place where I have seen a snake before, I have a strong memory of my fear from the last time I saw the snake. What part of my brain is most associated with the activation of this memory? Select one: a. prefrontal cortex b. hippocampus c. cerebellum d. amygdala

d.amygdala

What type of long-term memories do we consciously try to remember and recall? Select one: a. non-declarative memories b. sensory memories c. implicit memories d. explicit memories

d.explicit memories

After a hurricane warning came across the television, young Eli became terrified of the alarm sound that signaled a severe weather warning. Over the next few months he heard it several times when the "required monthly tests" came on the television, and his fear faded away. One day the alarm sounded and Eli jumped up and ran out of the room. This return of a previously extinguished response is called ________. A. latent learning B. operant conditioning C. spontaneous recovery D. second-level conditioning

C. spontaneous recovery

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a/an ________. Select one: a. conditioned stimulus b. unconditioned stimulus c. conditioned response d. unconditioned response

a. conditioned stimulus

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is REMOVED to INCREASE the future likelihood of a behavior. Select one: a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. negative punishment d. positive punishment

a. negative reinforcement

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity. Select one: a. stimulant b. antipsychotic c. depressant d. hallucinogen

a. stimulant

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy book being dropped would represent ________. In other words, the conditioned response happens when the door slams, but NOT when the book drops. Select one: a. stimulus discrimination b. stimulus generalization c. extinction d.acquisition

a. stimulus discrimination

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus). Select one: a. unconditioned response b. conditioned stimulus c. conditioned response d. unconditioned stimulus

a. unconditioned response

What hormone (involved in the timing of sleep) does the pineal gland release? Select one: a. estrogen b. insulin c. melatonin d. testosterone

c. melatonin

Which of the following is NOT true regarding Patient H.M.? Select one: a.He experienced difficulty with explicit / declarative memory (i.e., forming new memories). b.He experienced difficulty with implicit / non-declarative memory, caused by damage to his cerebellum. c.His hippocampus was removed in attempt to treat severe epilepsy. d.He lost the ability to form new memories, yet he could still remember information and events that had occurred prior to the surgery.

b.He experienced difficulty with implicit / non-declarative memory, caused by damage to his cerebellum

Which of the following does NOT enhance memory? a. Distributed practice b. Staying awake all night to learn information c. Mnemonics d. Chunking

b.Staying awake all night to learn information

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? Select one: a. primary cortex b. cerebellum c. amygdala d. hippocampus

b.cerebellum

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Select one: a.change "short-term" to "episodic" b.change "transitional" to "sensory" c.change "memory" to "neurotransmitter" d.change "storage" to "engram"

b.change "transitional" to "sensory"

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________. Select one: a. conscience b. consciousness c. REM sleep d. unconsciousness

b.consciousness

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________. Select one: a.happy memories are processed better than sad memories b.memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information c.colors are more easily named when they appear printed in that color d.sensory memory capacity is about 30 seconds

b.memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? Select one: a. sensory encoding b. memory c. automatic processing d. effortful processing

b.memory

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have? Select one: a.REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) b.night terrors c.sleep apnea d.restless leg syndrome

b.night terrors

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify? Select one: a.physical dependence b.psychological dependence c.tolerance d.withdrawal

b.psychological dependence

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________. Select one: a. relearning b. rehearsal c. non-declarative memory d. hyperthymesia

b.rehearsal

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes? Select one: a. effortful b. sensory c. procedural d. recall

b.sensory

Shoresh suggests that Ted cluck like a chicken during the hypnosis not because he is experiencing an altered state of consciousness but because he is playing the role of a hypnotized person. This is a good example of the ________ theory of hypnotism. Select one: a.dissociative b.social-cognitive c.hypnotic mediation d.cognitive-behavioral

b.social-cognitive

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory. Select one: a.how a cheeseburger tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself b.your first day of school c.what the word January means d.how to use the microwave

b.your first day of school

Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences. Select one: a. depressant b. opioid c. hallucinogenic d. stimulant

c. hallucinogenic

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. Select one: a. conditioned b. primary c. latent d. partial

c. latent

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? Select one: a. conditioning b. instincts c. learning d. reflexes

c. learning

Which of the following is NOT a benefit associated with adequate amounts of sleep? Select one: a. improving mood b. maintaining healthy weight c. less exposure to carcinogens d. lower stress levels

c. less exposure to carcinogens

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? Select one: a. learning b. acquisition c. shaping d. reinforcement

c. shaping

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this? Select one: a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio

c. variable interval

Thea gets paid every two weeks and thus is being rewarded for her work on a____ schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed ratio b. variable ratio c. fixed interval d. variable interval

c. fixed interval