IT Fundamentals - Chapter 22

Perl (Raku)

A family of two different interpreted languages that has features from multiple languages and is often used as a "glue" language to connect different systems together and for data analysis.

Scripting language

A language category for any interpreted language that would create scripts that are run from within an integrated development environment without the need of a compiler.

Markup language

A language category that annotates a document with tags that can indicate characteristics such as fonts, colors, hyperlinks, and more. The two most common are HTML and XML.

Query language

A language category that includes specially designed data-oriented languages used to manipulate data, extract data and manage data stored in a database structure, such as a relational database or an XML file.

XML (Extensible Markup Language)

A markup language that is designed to enable data to be stored in a way that is both human-readable and computer-readable. Used by new versions of Microsoft Office, OpenOffice and LibreOffice suites.

Compiled language

A programming language category in which the program's human-readable source code is run through a compiler that converts the entire program into machine-readable code for a specific CPU instruction set.

Scripted language

A programming language category that converts source code into bytecode for the language's virtual machine to run the program on multiple types of computers.

C++ programming language

A programming language created by Bjarne Stroustrup based on C. It adds additional features such as object-oriented programming and class data structures to make it more powerful.

JavaScript

A very popular scripting language that is used by many web pages as well as for other applications. Scripts are typically stored using the .js extension.

Java

An object-oriented programming language that is often used for creating client-server web applications and for programming mobile phones, smart cards, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices.

Interpreted language

Category of computer languages that are run directly from the program's instructions, line-by-line. This contrasts with the compiled programming language category.

COBOL

Early programming language used for data processing. Currently employed to maintain old mainframe computer systems that use old programs.

Python

Language created by Guido van Rossum that is designed to be simple to understand, very extensible, and easy to use with other programming languages.

Ruby

Language designed from the ground up as an object-oriented language that has become very popular since the development of a server-side web application framework written in the language.

Assembly language

Low-level programming language specific to a processor type. It has the same structure and instruction set commands as machine language but allows programmers to use human words instead of numeric machine code.

BASIC

Programming language parent of many languages including GW-Basic, Visual Basic, QuickBASIC, TrueBASIC, and QBasic.

C programming language

Programming language that was originally developed by Dennis Ritchie for use with Unix operating systems. Many languages, including C++, C# and Objective-C have borrowed from it.

SQL

The most common query language type with many varieties from different organizations and companies, including Microsoft, Oracle and SAS.

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)

The standard web page language that uses tags to construct and format web pages viewed in web browsers. Tags can format content, reference images, specify hyperlinks and can do much more.