ITE 221 ch 3 quiz, ITE 221 CH.2 INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE QUIZ

A(n) _____________ combines related data items in much the same way a record does, but it extends the record to include methods for manipulating data items.

CLASS

The primary advantage of hexadecimal notation, compared with binary notation, is its

COMPACTNESS

A processor's efficiency depends on its __________________

COMPLEXITY

Recall that scientific notation, including floating-point notation, trades numeric range for _______________

ACCURACY

. A(n)______________ is the location of a data element in a storage device.

ADDRESS

The standard ASCII version used for data transfer is sometimes called

ASCII-7

Binary numbers are well suited to computer processing because they correspond directly with values in ____ logic. a. Newton b. Boolean c. Turing d. standard

Boolean

The ____ data type has only two data values—true and false. a. Boolean b. integer c. floating point d. character

Boolean

Twos complement notation is simple to understand for most people. a. True b. False

False

Using contiguous storage locations, especially in secondary storage devices, simplifies the allocation of storage locations. a. True b. False

False

___________ notation uses the base-8 numbering system and has a range of digits from 0 to 7

OCTAL

____________________ data communication is common in computer networks that cover large distances.

Optical

For computer components such as processors, ____________________ are expected to gradually supplant electronics during the 21st Century.

Optics

____ occurs when the absolute value of a computational result contains too many bits to fit into a fixed-width data format. a. Underflow b. Rounding c. Approximation d. Overflow

Overflow

A segmented memory model has primary storage is divided into equal-sized (for example, 64 KB) segments called _____________.

PAGES

An unsigned integer's value is always assumed to be

POSITIVE

. One way of dealing with the tradeoff between range and precision is to abandon the concept of a fixed _________ point.

RADIX

A(n)_______________ is a data structure composed of other data structures or primitive data elements.

RECORD

Windows OSs tend toward an all-inclusive approach to system software, bundling most system software functions in the OS.

TRUE

Unicode is widely supported in modern software, including most OSs and word-processing applications. a. True b. False

True

Whether implemented in system or application software, almost all data structures make extensive use of pointers and addresses. a. True b. False

True

With any fixed-width data storage format, it's possible that the result of a computation will be too large to fit in the format. a. True b. False

True

You can increase a fixed radix point format's numeric range by allocating more bits to the whole portion. a. True b. False

True

Like ASCII, _____________ is a coding table that assigns nonnegative integers to represent printable characters.

UNICODE

A(n) ____________________ identifies a specific web resources.

URL

Decimal and binary notations are alternative forms of Boolean logic. a. True b. False

False

Double-precision integers are sometimes called large integers. a. True b. False

False

Each element of a doubly linked list has two pointers: one pointing to the next element in the list and one pointing to the top element in the list. a. True b. False

False

Generally, a byte is the largest unit of data that can be read from or written to a storage device. a. True b. False

False

In ASCII, NAK is sent to acknowledge correct receipt of data, and ERR is sent to indicate that an error has been detected. a. True b. False

False

Intel microprocessors have been used in PCs since 1961. a. True b. False

False

Monetary amounts should be stored and manipulated as binary floating-point numbers. a. True b. False

False

The complexity of data structures is limited only by the software. a. True b. False

False

The number of digits needed to represent a value decreases as the numbering system's base decreases. a. True b. False

False

A ____ data format combines two adjacent fixed-length data items to hold a single value. a. single-precision b. standard-precision c. scientific d. double-precision

double-precision

The phrase ____________________ is the concept that the per-unit cost of producing goods or services decreases as the size of the producing or delivering organization increases.

economies of scale

In a(n) ____________________ device, the movement of electrons performs essentially the same functions as gears and wheels in mechanical computers.

electronic computing

A moving photon's ____________________ can be harnessed to perform computational work.

energy

A(n) ____ is a set of related data values. a. pointer b. list c. array d. record

list

The address of an array element can be calculated with the starting address of the array and the element's ____. a. base b. index c. size d. name

index

A(n) ____ is a whole number—a value that doesn't have a fractional part. a. real number b. imaginary number c. floating point number d. integer

integer

The rightmost digit in a bit string is the ____. a. least significant digit b. most significant digit c. least valuable digit d. most valuable digit

least significant digit

A(n) ____ is a data structure that uses pointers so that list elements can be scattered among nonsequential storage locations. a. array b. queue c. linked list d. stack

linked list

A(n) ____ is one instance, or variable, of a class. a. structure b. object c. list d. implementation

object

A(n) ____________________ is a collection of utility programs that supports users and application programs, allocates resources, and controls access to hardware.

operating system

A(n) ____ is a related group of primitive data elements organized for some type of common processing and is defined and manipulated in software. a. primitive b. object c. pointer d. data structure

primitive

A(n) ____ can contain both whole and fractional components. a. integer b. imaginary number c. real number d. binary number

real number

____________________ is layered between applications software and computer hardware.

system software

A sequence of records stored in main memory is normally called a ____. a. table b. record c. database d. class

table

In ____ notation, nonnegative integer values are represented as ordinary binary values. a. twos complement b. ones complement c. excess d. packed

twos complement

Most CPUs provide a(n) ____ data type, which stores positive integer values as ordinary binary numbers. a. signed integer b. signed real c. unsigned integer d. unsigned real

unsigned intege

In the decimal or binary notations, the symbol used to represent a digit and the digit's position in a string determines its ____. a. sign b. placement c. base d. value

value

____ software describes programs used to develop other programs. a. Application development b. Application design c. Systems d. Application modeling

a. Application development

The complexity of modern networks arises from the huge quantity of ____. a. centralized resources b. local resources c. distributed resources d. cloud services

c. distributed resources

The assignment of numeric codes to characters follows a specific order called a(n) ____. a. alignment sequence b. collating sequence c. alphabet sequence d. byte sequence

collating sequence

The term "____" describes the number of bits used to represent a numeric value. a. compactness b. completeness c. value d. Efficiency

compactness

Hexadecimal numbering uses ____ as its base or radix. a. 2 b. 8 c. 10 d. 16

16

A(n) __________ is an array of pointers to records.

INDEX

Linked lists are easier to expand or shrink than arrays are. a. True b. False

True

More storage locations are required for a linked list than for an array with equivalent content because both data and pointers must be stored. a. True b. False

True

The advantage of using an index lies in the efficiency of record insertion, deletion, and retrieval. a. True b. False

True

The representation format for each data type balances compactness, range, accuracy, ease of manipulation, and standardization. a. True b. False

True

With unsigned integers, the lowest value that can be represented is always

0

Compilers and interpreters for high-level programming languages, such as C and Java, convert decimal numbers into ___________ numbers automatically when generating CPU instructions and data values.

BINARY

In computer terminology, each digit of a binary number is called a(n)

BIT

A group of bits that describe a single data value is called a(n)

BIT STRING

A string of eight bits is called a(n)

BYTE

____________________ typically make use of both multicomputer configuration and virtualization

Clouds

The most famous of the mechanical computation devices is the ____________________, built by Charles Babbage in 1821.

Difference Engine

____ is a character-coding method developed by IBM in the 1960s and used in all IBM mainframes well into the 2000s. a. ANSI b. UNICODE c. EBCDIC d. ASCII

EBCDIC

Computer systems represent data electrically and process it with _______________________

ELECTRICAL SWITCHES

Computers are designed to process character data and can therefore represent characters directly. a. True b. False

False

____ notation always uses a fixed number of bits, with the leftmost bit representing the sign. a. Ones complement b. Excess c. Twos complement d. Packed

Excess

A tablet computer is a laptop computer that emphasizes small size, reduced weight, low cost, and wireless networking and is capable of performing only light-duty tasks, such as Web browsing, e-mailing, and word processing.

FALSE

All computers are automated computing devices, and all automated computing devices are computers.

FALSE

In classical physics, a subatomic particle, such as a photon, can be in multiple places at one time

FALSE

Mechanical computation devices cannot perform complex calculations.

FALSE

Mechanical computers such as the Mark One were used during World War I to compute trajectory tables for naval guns and torpedoes.

FALSE

Optics have little advantage over electronics in most areas of computing technology.

FALSE

The World Wide Web is sometimes called a network of networks because it interconnects millions of other networks.

FALSE

The biggest impetus for the change to electronic computing devices came during World War I.

FALSE

The need or idea that motivates a request for computer processing is stated at a specific level.

FALSE

In CPUs using a(n)_____________ memory model, using twos complement or unsigned binary as the coding format for memory addresses is logical and typical.

FLAT

. In the binary32 format, the leading sign bit applies to the exponent, not the mantissa. a. True b. False

False

. To avoid overflow and increase accuracy, some computers and programming languages define additional numeric data types called long-precision data formats. a. True b. False

False

____________________'s law is the mathematical formula that describes belief that the large and powerful computers will always be more cost effective than smaller ones.

Grosch

____________________ numbers often designate memory addresses

HEXADECIMAL

The physical laws of electricity, optics, and quantum mechanics are described by

MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS

A(n) _____________ integer uses one bit to represent whether the value is positive or negative

SIGNED

To represent a specific integer value in excess notation, you must know how many_______________ are to be used.

STORAGE BITS

A sequence of characters that forms a meaningful word, phrase, or other useful group is a(n)

STRING

A key function of ____________________ software is allocating resources to users and programs.

SYSTEM

. The evolution of Microsoft OSs is a good example of how software development depends on hardware technology

TRUE

A URL identifies one specific WWW resource.

TRUE

A machine capable of adding whole numbers can multiply whole numbers by executing the addition function multiple times.

TRUE

A typical computer system must have much more secondary storage capacity than primary storage capacity

TRUE

An end-user accesses a Web-based application via a URL.

TRUE

Electronic computers addressed most shortcomings of mechanical computation

TRUE

Light can be used as a basis for computation.

TRUE

Optical processors might be easier to fabricate than current processors and are better matched to optical communication technologies.

TRUE

Server hardware capabilities depend on the resources being shared and the number of simultaneous users.

TRUE

Some commercial computers have used quantum physics to perform data storage and computation

TRUE

The 80386 provided hardware support for running multiple programs simultaneously, simplified partitioning primary storage among programs, and provided mechanisms for preventing programs from interfering with one another.

TRUE

The Difference Engine computed logarithms by moving gears and other mechanical components.

TRUE

The primary role of software is to translate users' needs and requests into CPU instructions that, when executed, produce a result that satisfies the need or request.

TRUE

. Scientific and floating-point notation is far more complex than integer data formats. a. True b. False

True

. The number of bits in a floating-point string and the formats of the mantissa and exponent impose limits on the range of values that can be represented. a. True b. False

True

ASCII is a 7-bit format because most computers and peripheral devices transmit data in bytes and because parity checking was used widely in the 1960s to 1980s for detecting transmission errors. a. True b. False

True

Automated data processing combines physics and mathematics. a. True b. False

True

Before Unicode, devices designed for character I/O used ASCII by default and vendor-specific methods or older ISO standards to process character sets other than Latin-1. a. True b. False

True

Computer input devices convert external data into an internal representation that can be carried to and manipulated by processing circuitry. a. True b. False

True

In a sequential file, records are stored in contiguous storage locations. a. True b. False

True

In numbering systems other than the decimal numbering system, the term radix point is used for the period or comma. a. True b. False

True

____ occurs when the absolute value of a negative exponent is too large to fit in the bits allocated to store it. a. Rounding b. Rotation c. Overflow d. Underflow

Underflow

____________________ offers flexibility in server configuration and deployment, including the ability to "resize" virtual machines easily to match changing requirements.

Virtualization

A(n) ____________________ is software accessed over the Internet using Web protocols, such as shipping cost calculator accessed by an online shopping application

Web server

A(n) ____________________ is application software that is accessed via a URL and uses a Web browser as the primary user interface.

Web-based application

"____" is the concept that the per-unit cost of producing goods or providing services decreases as the organization size increases. a. Economies of scale b. Economies of measure c. Economies of balance d. Economies of growth

a. Economies of scale

____ are typically implemented by installing software on each machine that accepts tasks from a central server and performs them when not busy doing other work. a. Grids b. Clouds c. Clusters d. Blades

a. Grids

____ improved memory access and raw CPU speeds and added features such as support for higher-speed system buses, pipelined instruction execution, and multimedia processing instructions. a. Pentium processors b. Multiple-core CPUs c. 80x86 processors d. PowerPC processors

a. Pentium processors

A specific shared resources within the World Wide Web is identified by a(n) ____. a. URL b. ALU c. CPU d. WWW

a. URL

A simple definition of a computer is a device that can accept numeric inputs, perform computational functions, and ____. a. communicate results b. solve formulas c. store data on disk or flash RAM d. detect quantum storage states

a. communicate results

Most application software is used by ____. a. end users b. programmers c. engineers d. administrators

a. end users

Optical light pulses can be stored indirectly, such as ____. a. on the surface of a DVD b. on the surface of a magnetic disk c. in the blocks of flash memory d. the groves of a record

a. on the surface of a DVD

A ____ is a computer system designed to meet a single user's information-processing needs. a. personal computer b. mainframe c. supercomputer d. minicomputer

a. personal computer

Storage devices that hold currently executing programs are called ____ a. primary storage b. registers c. qubits d. secondary storage

a. primary storage

Any matter that stores data in multiple simultaneous quantum states is called a ____. a. qubit b. bit c. limit d. quantum

a. qubit

A ____ is designed for one purpose—computational speed with large problems. a. supercomputer b. mainframe c. microcomputer d. server

a. supercomputer

A(n) ____ is an ordered list in which each element can be referenced by an index to its position. a. list b. matrix c. vector d. array

array

In classical physics, a group of 3 bits can store only one of ____ possible values at a time. a. 6 b. 8 c. 12 d. 24

b. 8

____ is typically the cheapest component of current information systems. a. System software b. Hardware c. Middleware d. Application software

b. Hardware

____ is targeted to general-purpose tasks that support many application programs and users. a. Application software b. System software c. Niche software d. Commodity software

b. System software

A ____ is a group of similar or identical computers, connected by a high-speed network, that cooperate to provide services or run a single application. a. cloud b. cluster c. blade d. grid

b. cluster

A ____ consists of hardware, software, and transmission media that enable computer systems to share information, software, and hardware resources. a. computer system b. computer network c. computer environment d. computer platform

b. computer network

A particle of light is called a ____. a. muon b. photon c. quantum d. meson

b. photon

Optical computation harnesses the energy of moving ____ to perform computational work. a. muons b. photons c. electrons d. positrons

b. photons

The CPU contains a few internal storage locations called ____, each capable of holding a single instruction or data item. a. the ALU b. registers c. shifters d. the compiler

b. registers

The multiplier that describes the difference between one position and the next is the ____ of the numbering system. a. base b. mantissa c. power d. Exponent

base

Large numeric values expressed in octal notation are one-third the length of corresponding ____ notation. a. decimal b. ternary c. binary d. hexadecimal

binary

In a ____, each digit can have only one of two possible values: 0 or 1. a. decimal number b. hexadecimal number c. binary number d. unary number

binary number

In contrast to a formula, a program that implements an algorithm must include comparison and ____________________ instructions.

branching

The first commercially available quantum computer was built by ____. a. IBM b. Sony c. D-Wave d. Hewlett-Packard

c. D-Wave

____ signals can carry more data than electrical signals. a. Mechanical b. Digital c. Optical d. Quantum

c. Optical

In a modern digital computer, data is represented by groups of ____. a. qubits b. photons c. bits d. waves

c. bits

A ____ is a set of computing resources with front-end interfaces and back-end resources. a. grid b. cluster c. cloud d. blade

c. cloud

In the "layered approach," knowledge of the machine's physical details is embedded into system software and hidden from users and application programmers. This is commonly referred to as ____. a. machine dependence b. virtualization c. machine independence d. abstraction

c. machine independence

A ____ is a program that translates instructions in a programming language into CPU instructions. a. compiler b. linker c. program translator d. parser

c. program translator

Early mechanical computation devices were built to perform ____. a. text processing b. mathematical simulation c. repetitive mathematical calculations d. repetitive text operations

c. repetitive mathematical calculations

The term ____ can describe computers as small as midrange computers and as large as supercomputers. a. mainframe b. client c. server d. grid

c. server

The ____________________ is a general-purpose processor that executes all instructions and controls all data movement in the computer system.

central processing unit CPU

In their written form, English and many other languages use alphabetic letters, numerals, punctuation marks, and a variety of other special-purpose symbols known as ____. a. characters b. bytes c. strings d. integers

characters

A(n) ____ is a data structure containing both traditional (static) data elements and programs that manipulate the data. a. array b. stack c. object d. class

class

Current computer technology is based on principles of ____________________ physics developed during the 17th through 20th centuries, including electronics, magnetism, and optics.

classical

A simple definition of a(n) ____________________ is any device that can accept numeric inputs, perform computational functions, such as addition and subtraction, and communicate results.

computer

The ____ chip provided integrated memory caches, enhanced computational capabilities, and increased raw CPU speed. Windows 95 was developed to take better advantage of this chip's capabilities. a. 8088 b. 80286 c. 80386 d. 80486

d. 80486

____ physics describes the behavior of matter at a subatomic level. a. Einsteinian b. Newtonian c. Relativity d. Quantum

d. Quantum

In current computer hardware, main memory is implemented with silicon-based semiconductor devices commonly called ____. a. Flash b. PROM c. ROM d. RAM

d. RAM

Quantum physics describes subatomic behavior with ____. a. physical rules b. mathematical rules c. physical laws d. a combination of physical rules and mathematical laws

d. a combination of physical rules and mathematical laws

A(n) ____ is a program in which different sets of instructions are applied to different data input values. a. system b. problem c. solution d. algorithm

d. algorithm

A(n) ____ is a stored set of instructions for responding to a specific request, much as you might look up a recipe to prepare a particular dish. a. operating system b. computer system c. compiler d. application program

d. application program

A ____ is a circuit board that contains most of a server. a. grid b. cloud c. cluster d. blade

d. blade

Storage devices that hold data not needed by currently running programs are called ____ a. primary storage b. registers c. qubits d. secondary storage

d. secondary storage

The ____ software layer has utility programs used by end users and system administrators to manage and control computer resources. a. system services b. machine independent c. machine dependent d. system management

d. system management

In the decimal numbering system, the period or comma is called a ____. a. place holder b. division point c. marker point d. decimal point

decimal point

A sequence of records on secondary storage is called a ____. a. file b. record c. database d. sleeve

file

Real numbers are represented in computers by using ____. a. integer notation b. floating-point notation c. packed values notation d. complementary notation

floating-point notation

A(n) ____________________ is a group of dissimilar computers, connected by a high-speed network, that cooperate to provide services or run a shared application.

grid

When discussing computer processing, ____ refers to executing processor instructions, such as addition, subtraction, and equality comparisons, and "ease" refers to machine efficiency. a. abstraction b. manipulation c. interpolation d. inference

manipulation

The programs in a class are called ____. a. properties b. attributes c. methods d. children

methods

The leftmost digit in a bit string is called the ____. a. least significant digit b. most significant digit c. least valuable digit d. most valuable digit

most significant digit

A(n) ____________________ configuration is any arrangement of multiple computers used to support specific services or applications.

multicomputer

The upper 128 entries in Latin-1 are sometimes called ____. a. multibyte characters b. international characters c. Western characters d. multinational characters

multinational characters

A(n) ____ is a data element containing the address of another data element. a. pointer b. data structure c. object d. list

pointer

The data types a CPU supports are sometimes called ____ data types. a. user b. complex c. primitive d. limited

primitive

A(n) ____________________ is a device that performs data manipulation and transformation functions including computation, comparison, and data movement.

processor

A(n) ____________________ is a stored set of instructions for performing a specific task

program

The fractional portion of a real number is represented by digits to the right of the ____. a. radix point b. mantissa c. exponent d. base

radix point

A(n) ____________________ is a computer or group of computers that manages shared resources and enables users and other computer to access those resources over a network.

server

The accuracy, or precision, of data format representation increases with ____. a. the size of the data word b. the sign of the data format c. the number of data bits used d. the position of the radix

the number of data bits used

Numbers such as 1/3 are stored in floating-point format by ____. a. approximation b. truncation c. packing d. rounding

truncation