Itec hardware

Motherboard

A circuit board that contains all of the computer system's main components.

Server

A computer system in a network that is shared by multiple users also referred as host computers. Three types of servers are network, web, and file

machine cycle

A machine cycle, also called a processor cycle or a instruction cycle, is the basic operation performed by a central processing unit (CPU). A CPU is the main logic unit of a computer.

embedded computer

A specially designed computer chip that resides inside another device, such as a car. These self-contained computer devices have their own programming and typically neither receive input from users nor interact with other systems. Typically have a small operating system referred to as real time operating system (RTOS) with limited capability

native resolution

Actual number of pixels on a display. HD equals 1920 horizontal pixels by 1000 vertical pixels equals 2,073,600 total pixels. Pixel perfect = pixels from an incoming signal matches the native resolution of a display

Storage devices

Allows data to be backed up. Provide additional data retention. Example external hard drive, universal serial bus drives and solid-state drives

Wireless ports

Allows transmission of data between fixed and mobile devices using short range radio or light waves

HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface)

Allows transmission of high definition audio and video signals

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Also known as the microprocessor; the brains of the computer.

Hard drive capacity

Amount of Avalible storage. Usually measured in gigabytes or even terabytes. Most laptops have least one terabyte of hard drive/solid state storage

Solid state drive capacity

Amount of available storage. Usually measured and gigabytes. because of relatively high cost SSD capacity is a major factor in price of tablet or smart phones

Bus width

Amount of data a bus can carry. Wider the bus the faster the data transfer. The address bus and the data bus. Bus width measured in bits

VGA (Video Graphics Array)

Analog connector used for monitors and television during the 1990s. Largely replace by HDMI cables.

smartphone

Any electronic handheld device that functions as a mobile phone as well as a personal digital assistant (PDA) or other information appliance.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Appears main memory. Located a motherboard connected to the central processing unit. Cleared one device is powered off (volatile). DRAM Dynamic random access memory (1968) allows processor story at higher speeds. SRAM static random access memory is faster than they DRAM, used in cache memory

CPU main 2 components

Arithmetic logic unit or ALU performs mathematical tasks. Control unit locates, analyzes, and execute instructions

Bit

Basic unit of computer storage. Can only have one or two values. Represented in computers as a zero or a one

Computer layout

CPU and GPU to computers with in a computer. Data travels on buses. Memory and cache hold data Used by the processors

multicore processor

Central processing unit with two or more arithmetic logic units plus 2 or more control units

Overclocking

Change processor settings to computer runs faster than recommended by the manufacture. Can overheat the computer. Voids warranty

2-in-1 computer

Combines mobility of a tablet with the power of a laptop

Network servers

Control access to resources such as printers and applications on the network

Web Server

Controls access to resources on the web

Graphics

Depiction of image data on a display or output device. Usually created by separate processor within a computer known as a GPU

Lightning connectors

Designed by Apple for iPod iPad iPhone and Apple Watch docks. High speed data and power transfer. Eight pin adapter. Symmetrical

Computer bus

Electronic pathways connecting computer parts. That information travel over buses. The most important bus is the bus connecting CPU to RAM

Gigahertz

Equals 1 billion cycles of instructions per second. GHz

Megahertz

Equals 1 million cycles instructions per second. MHz

Using to clean up on windows 10

First click Cortana icon, text us clean up, and just clean up select files you want to remove, click OK. Alternately from the start menu choose all programs then accessories then system tools then disk clean up.If prompted choose the mass storage device do you want to clean, and I just cleaned up dialog box left your items, select OK then delete Files

ID capacity of hard drive using windows 10

First open start menu, then open settings menu, select system, select storage. Alternately can also type "this PC"into the search box

Video Card

Graphics card or adapter. Performance graphic processing, creates video output

memory cache

High speed memory used by CPU to store frequently access data and instructions. Referred to by levels (L1 - smaller plus integrated into CPU, L3 - larger and next to CPU)

cache

High speed storage area usually located directly on central processing unit. Smaller but faster than RAM. Used to quickly access repeated instructions

Processor Speed

How fast the computer processes instructions examples are clock speed, bus with, word size

Computer ports

Input and output device is plugged into the ports located on the digital device. A point designed to accept specific connectors. The connector plugs into a port. Example a thumb drive connector plugs into a USB port

processors/manufacturers

Intel - founded in 1968 the worlds largest manufacturer of processors AMD - founded in 1969, featured in major next GEN gaming ex. Xbox one NVIDIA- founded in 1993 and NVIDIA TEGRA K1 is the most advanced mobile processor, combo of 182 super computers

Computer storage

Keeps files, info, and data for future use. Type of tech that consists of computer components in storage media (Flatters, flash, optical media)

Storage capacity

Kilobyte = 1000 bites = one page of text. Megabyte = 1 million bytes = 875 pages of text. One gigabyte = 1 billion bytes = 341 digital images. Terabytes = 1 trillion bytes = 349,000 digital images. Petabytes = 1000 TB = 358 million digital images. exabyte= 1,000,000 TB

Laptop brands and percentages

Lenovo 24.1% HP 22.2% Dell 16.8% apple 7%

Boot Process

Loading of an OS into main memory of a device

Hard drive data storage

Magnetic coating on a metal platter retains data. Magnetically tipped actuator arm called a read/write head senses the magnetic changes on the disk. Because The desk spends mechanically The hard disk drives have longer access times than solid state hard drive

How are CPU speeds measured

Measured in gigahertz

Mainframe computers

More powerful than servers and are used by organizations to process large amounts of data

Unicode

Most common computer code uses at least 16 bytes(two bites)per character

Ethernet

Most commonly used port for wired connections. Use for local area networks or for connecting modems and routers to the Internet. Ethernet cables comes in categories. Cat five - up to 100 MB/sec, Cat 5E - up to 1 GB/seconds, Cat six - 210 GB/sec

Hertz

Named after a German physicist Heinrich Hertz, Used to measure frequency. One Hz= one cycle per second

resolution

Number of horizontal and vertical pixels on the screen. The clarity of an image. Is measured in lines of pixels

Clock speed/clock rate

Number of instructions to computer can process in a second. Measured in hertz. Modern processors-Billions of instructions each second. Personal computers clock speed is between 1-4 GHz

IrDA (Infrared Data Association)

Often used with wireless mouse,keyboard,remote, etc. Wireless connection using infrared radio waves. Requires line of sight transmissions are commonly used for TV controllers

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

Once most common computer code. Code turns bits into bytes. One byte = one character(letter, number). Limited to 256 characters

Memory

Ram is the main form of computer memory. Is composed of solid-state electronics. Microchip located on motherboard. Does not store data when computer is shut down ( volatile)

Bluetooth

Short distance wireless communication technology use a short wavelength radio waves. Remain strong up to 35 feet away

3.5 mm audio connectors

Small analog audio connector with 2 to 5 contacts used with transistor radio in 1950#, Sony Walkman's in the 1980s, and most cellphones except apple iPhones and google pixels

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

Specialized connector allowing data and power transfer. USB drives are Relatively inexpensive, durable, solid-state electronic storage devices. USB drive = thumb drive = flash drive = jump drive

Machine cycles four steps

Step 1. fetch instructions Step 2. Decode instructions Step 3.Execute instructions Step 4. Store instructions

read-only memory (ROM)

Storage for data and instructions installed by the manufacture. It's not generally rewritable. Common info stored in ROM includes device booting (starting) instructions (non volatile)

Word size

The amount of data a computer can process in a single machine cycle. One word equals 32 to 64 bits

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

The brain of a computer where most calculations take place, most important hardware component. Located on the main circuit board/motherboard

Super computers

The most powerful type of computers, can evaluate complex data very quickly

Byte

Unit of digital info commonly consisting of eight bits. Stream of bits constitutes a sound for a program that creates music wire machine code for computer program. Smallest addressable unit of memory and mini computer architectures

File server

Used for data storage

Single core processor

Usually one arithmetic logic unit plus one control unit

Screen size

Viewable area of a display device measured diagonally from one corner to the other

Wi-Fi

Wireless local area network is a player on the old audio term high-fi. Wi-Fi transmission is a hotspot. Wi-Fi uses 802.11 protocol Dash 2.4 GHz and 5.0 GHz radio waves

all-in-one computer

a compact desktop computer with the system unit integrated into the monitor

desktop

a personal computer designed to be in a stationary location, where all of its components fit on or under a desk or table. Has a large footprint

tablet

a thin, lighter-weight mobile computer that has a touch screen, typically over 7"

4 basic computer functions

input, process, output, storage

laptop

portable computer

personal media player (PMP)

sometimes called a personal media player, is a mobile device on which you can store, organize, and play or view digital media

Hardware

the physical parts of a computer

software

the programs and other operating information used by a computer.

Pixel

the smallest element of an image that can be individually processed in a video display system. Usually composed of red blue and green dots. The more pixels the better image quality