Jackson Reform Era

The tariff of 1828 raised taxes on imported manufactures so as to reduce foreign competition with American manufacturing. Southerners, arguing that the tariff enhanced the interests of the Northern manufacturing industry at their expense, referred to it as the ___________.

Tariff of Abominations

The tariff was so unpopular in the South that it generated threats of

secession

Southern planters and slaveholders would continue to use the doctrine of _____to protect the institution of slavery.

states' rights

The situation depicted in the image best serves as evidence of which of the following? (The Drunkards Progress Pic)

the rise of a temperance movement

Which of the following groups would have been most likely to support the message suggested in the image? (Drunken passage pic)

white women

Calhoun authored a pamphlet titled __________ which was published anonymously and put forward the theory of nullification—the declaration of a federal law as null and void within state borders.

"South Carolina Exposition and Protest,"

As a direct result of a series of policies enacted by Jackson for the explicit purpose of weakening the Bank of the United States, the country was thrown into financial turmoil and an economic recession hit in ______.

1837

"The Embargo, giving time to the belligerent powers to revise their unjust proceedings and to listen to the dictates of justice, of interest and reputation, which equally urge the correction of their wrongs, has availed our country of the only honorable expedient for avoiding war: and should a repeal of these Edicts supersede the cause for it, our commercial brethren will become sensible that it has consulted their interests, however against their own will. It will be unfortunate for their country if, in the mean time, these, their expressions of impatience, should have the effect of prolonging the very suffering which have produced them, by exciting a fallacious hope that we may, under any pressure, relinquish our equal right of navigating the ocean, go to such ports only as others may prescribe, and there pay the tributary exactions they may impose. . ." Source: Thomas Jefferson, in a broadside signed to Eliot Brown, Jr., UH digital history, 1808 Which of the following was the most immediate result of the edict described in the excerpt?

American industry suffered as Britain started substituting South American goods for American goods.

"If the States may tax one instrument, employed by the government in the execution of its powers, they may tax any and every other instrument. They may tax the mail; they may tax the mint; they may tax patent rights; they may tax the papers of the custom-house; they may tax judicial process; they may tax all the means employed by the government, to an excess which would defeat all the ends of government. This was not intended by the American people. They did not design to make their government dependent on the States. . ." -Source: Chief Justice John Marshall, opinion of the Court in McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 Which of the following was the most immediate result of the ruling excerpted?

Congress continued to run the Second National Bank of the United States.

"In a time of rapidly changing means of communication and systems of production, when everything from race relations to banking practices came under challenge, there was no sharp distinction between the mainstream and the marginal. The utopians simply carried even further the perfectionism that mainstream evangelists like Charles Finney reached. Typically, they did not so much reject American society as wish to elaborate upon it, to carry its innovative qualities to extremes. Their communities attracted attention out of all proportion to their size." -Source: Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, 2007 Which of the following contributed most directly to the trend described in the excerpt?

the spread of religious ideals following the Second Great Awakening

"If the States may tax one instrument, employed by the government in the execution of its powers, they may tax any and every other instrument. They may tax the mail; they may tax the mint; they may tax patent rights; they may tax the papers of the custom-house; they may tax judicial process; they may tax all the means employed by the government, to an excess which would defeat all the ends of government. This was not intended by the American people. They did not design to make their government dependent on the States. . ." -Source: Chief Justice John Marshall, opinion of the Court in McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 Which of the following statements best summarizes the Court's ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland?

Federal laws have supremacy over state laws.

Jackson signed the______, which authorized the compulsory collection of import duties from the South

Force Bill

"So if a law be in opposition to the constitution; if both the law and the constitution apply to a particular case, so that the court must either decide that case conformably to the law, disregarding the constitution; or conformably to the constitution, disregarding the law; the court must determine which of these conflicting rules governs the case. This is of the very essence of judicial duty." "If, then, the courts are to regard the constitution, and the constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature, the constitution, and not such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they both apply." Source: John Marshall, Opinion of the Court in Marbury v. Madison, 1803 Which of the following statements best summarizes Marshall's argument about the Supreme Court?

It should judge whether a law is constitutional.

During Jackson's presidency, the United States evolved from a republic—in which only landowners could vote—to a ___________

Mass democracy

"[W]e believe and affirm: That every American citizen who retains a human being in involuntary bondage as his property is (according to Scripture) a MAN STEALER. That the slaves ought instantly to be set free. . . . That all those laws which are now in force admitting the right of slavery, are . . ., before God, utterly null and void, being an audacious usurpation of the Divine prerogative. . . . [T]hat no compensation should be given to the outraged and guiltless slaves and not to those who have plundered and abused them. [That] we concede the Congress under the resent national compact, has no right to interfere with any of the slave states, in relation to this momentous subject [slavery]. But we maintain that Congress has a right. . . to suppress the domestic slave trade between the slave states, and to abolish slavery in those portions of our territory which the Constitution has placed under its exclusive jurisdiction." -Source: William Lloyd Garrison, "Declaration of the National Anti-Slavery Convention," 1834 Which of the following groups of people would have been most likely to support Garrison's views in the excerpt?

Northern white women

". . . But we are assembled to protest against a form of government, existing without the consent of the governed— to declare our right to be free as man is free, to be represented in the government which we are taxed to support, to have such disgraceful laws as give man the power to chastise and imprison his wife. . . . And, strange as it may seem to many, we now demand our right to vote according to the declaration of the government under which we live." -Elizabeth Cady Stanton at the Seneca Falls Convention, "Declaration of Sentiments," 1848 The language and themes of the excerpt were most directly inspired by which of the following foundational documents?

The Declaration of Independence

"So if a law be in opposition to the constitution; if both the law and the constitution apply to a particular case, so that the court must either decide that case conformably to the law, disregarding the constitution; or conformably to the constitution, disregarding the law; the court must determine which of these conflicting rules governs the case. This is of the very essence of judicial duty." "If, then, the courts are to regard the constitution, and the constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature, the constitution, and not such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they both apply." Source: John Marshall, Opinion of the Court in Marbury v. Madison, 1803 Which of the following was the most immediate result of the ruling excerpted?

The Supreme Court demonstrated its powers as the third branch of government after establishing its power of judicial review.

"[W]e believe and affirm: That every American citizen who retains a human being in involuntary bondage as his property is (according to Scripture) a MAN STEALER. That the slaves ought instantly to be set free. . . . That all those laws which are now in force admitting the right of slavery, are . . ., before God, utterly null and void, being an audacious usurpation of the Divine prerogative. . . . [T]hat no compensation should be given to the outraged and guiltless slaves and not to those who have plundered and abused them. [That] we concede the Congress under the resent national compact, has no right to interfere with any of the slave states, in relation to this momentous subject [slavery]. But we maintain that Congress has a right. . . to suppress the domestic slave trade between the slave states, and to abolish slavery in those portions of our territory which the Constitution has placed under its exclusive jurisdiction." -Source: William Lloyd Garrison, "Declaration of the National Anti-Slavery Convention," 1834 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

The influence of the Second Great Awakening on reform movements

(Drunkards Process Pic) Which of the following sentences best describes the purpose of etching?

To depict drunkenness as a sin, encouraging people to abstain from drinking alcohol

Due to the changes shown in the map, by 1820, which of the following developments had taken place? (Louisianna Purchase Map)

a rise in sectional conflicts over the expansion of slavery

"[W]e believe and affirm: That every American citizen who retains a human being in involuntary bondage as his property is (according to Scripture) a MAN STEALER. That the slaves ought instantly to be set free. . . . That all those laws which are now in force admitting the right of slavery, are . . ., before God, utterly null and void, being an audacious usurpation of the Divine prerogative. . . . [T]hat no compensation should be given to the outraged and guiltless slaves and not to those who have plundered and abused them. [That] we concede the Congress under the resent national compact, has no right to interfere with any of the slave states, in relation to this momentous subject [slavery]. But we maintain that Congress has a right. . . to suppress the domestic slave trade between the slave states, and to abolish slavery in those portions of our territory which the Constitution has placed under its exclusive jurisdiction." -Source: William Lloyd Garrison, "Declaration of the National Anti-Slavery Convention," 1834 Which of the following best describes the author's strategy to get public support for their message?

appeal to people's religious values and morality

"If the States may tax one instrument, employed by the government in the execution of its powers, they may tax any and every other instrument. They may tax the mail; they may tax the mint; they may tax patent rights; they may tax the papers of the custom-house; they may tax judicial process; they may tax all the means employed by the government, to an excess which would defeat all the ends of government. This was not intended by the American people. They did not design to make their government dependent on the States. . ." -Source: Chief Justice John Marshall, opinion of the Court in McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 The McCulloch case emerged most directly from the context of which of the following?

debates about the division of powers between the federal and state governments

"The Embargo, giving time to the belligerent powers to revise their unjust proceedings and to listen to the dictates of justice, of interest and reputation, which equally urge the correction of their wrongs, has availed our country of the only honorable expedient for avoiding war: and should a repeal of these Edicts supersede the cause for it, our commercial brethren will become sensible that it has consulted their interests, however against their own will. It will be unfortunate for their country if, in the mean time, these, their expressions of impatience, should have the effect of prolonging the very suffering which have produced them, by exciting a fallacious hope that we may, under any pressure, relinquish our equal right of navigating the ocean, go to such ports only as others may prescribe, and there pay the tributary exactions they may impose. . ." Source: Thomas Jefferson, in a broadside signed to Eliot Brown, Jr., UH digital history, 1808 Which of the following groups would have been most likely to support Jefferson's views expressed in this excerpt?

the Democratic-Republicans

Which of the following historical events had a significant impact on the geographical region shown on the map above? Choose 1 answer:

the Missouri Compromise of 1820

". . . But we are assembled to protest against a form of government, existing without the consent of the governed— to declare our right to be free as man is free, to be represented in the government which we are taxed to support, to have such disgraceful laws as give man the power to chastise and imprison his wife. . . . And, strange as it may seem to many, we now demand our right to vote according to the declaration of the government under which we live." -Elizabeth Cady Stanton at the Seneca Falls Convention, "Declaration of Sentiments," 1848 Arguments similar to those expressed in the excerpt were later employed to justify which of the following?

the creation of methods for birth control

"The evil, Sir, is enormous; the inevitable suffering incalculable. Do not stain the fair fame of the country . . . Nations of dependent Indians, against their will, under color of law, are driven from their homes into the wilderness. You cannot explain it; you cannot reason it away. . . Our friends will view this measure with sorrow, and our enemies alone with joy. And we ourselves, Sir, when the interests and passions of the day are past, shall look back upon it, I fear, with self-reproach, and a regret as bitter as unavailing." -Source: Edward Everett, Speeches on the Passage of the Bill for the Removal of the Indians Delivered in the Congress of the United States, 1830 The author's remarks in the excerpt most directly responded to which of the following developments during the early nineteenth century?

the forced relocation of indigenous nations to western territory

". . . But we are assembled to protest against a form of government, existing without the consent of the governed— to declare our right to be free as man is free, to be represented in the government which we are taxed to support, to have such disgraceful laws as give man the power to chastise and imprison his wife. . . . And, strange as it may seem to many, we now demand our right to vote according to the declaration of the government under which we live." -Elizabeth Cady Stanton at the Seneca Falls Convention, "Declaration of Sentiments," 1848 The author's remarks in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following developments during the early nineteenth century?

the start of a Women's Rights Movement

"In a time of rapidly changing means of communication and systems of production, when everything from race relations to banking practices came under challenge, there was no sharp distinction between the mainstream and the marginal. The utopians simply carried even further the perfectionism that mainstream evangelists like Charles Finney reached. Typically, they did not so much reject American society as wish to elaborate upon it, to carry its innovative qualities to extremes. Their communities attracted attention out of all proportion to their size." -Source: Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, 2007 Which of the following had the most significant impact on the creation of utopian societies as described in the excerpt?

the technological and production changes following the Market Revolution

"In a time of rapidly changing means of communication and systems of production, when everything from race relations to banking practices came under challenge, there was no sharp distinction between the mainstream and the marginal. The utopians simply carried even further the perfectionism that mainstream evangelists like Charles Finney reached. Typically, they did not so much reject American society as wish to elaborate upon it, to carry its innovative qualities to extremes. Their communities attracted attention out of all proportion to their size." -Source: Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, 2007 According to the excerpt, which of the following statements describes why people sought to build utopian communities in the 1800s?

to set up a self-sufficient society based on perfectionism