Nutrition Chapter 11

The AI for sodium in adults is

1500 mg/d

The adequate intake(AI) for chloride is

2300 mg/day

Most people in the United States do not consume the RDA for magnesium, which is in the range of ______ mg/day.

310-420

The absorption of magnesium usually ranges from between

40-60%.

Depending on a person's unique body composition roughly what percentage of body weight is contributed by water?

50-75%

Sulfur is essential to the functioning of glutathione which has ______ activity in the body.

Antioxidant

Which of the following is NOT a good source of phosphorus in the typical American diet?

Apples

For most Americans, milk products are significant food sources for ______.

Calcium

The most plentiful mineral in the body is

Calcium

Which of the following are major minerals?

Calcium, Potassium, Sodium

Which of the following minerals participate in nerve transmission?

Calcium, Potassium, Sodium

Which of the following are good food sources of calcium?

Cheese, Yogurt, Milk

Magnesium is a critical component in ______, making plants good food sources for magnesium.

Chlorophyll

The simplest ways to determine hydration status are observing urine

Color. Volume.

Sulfur is a component of...

Cysteine. Biotin. methionine.

A person who has perspired a lot while exercising on a humid day is at risk for ______ due to fluid losses.

Dehydration

The greatest proportion of calcium absorption occurs in the

Duodenum

The adult RDA for magnesium ranges from 500 to 1000 mg/day.

False

The AI for sodium is __________ in people who perspire heavily.

Higher

The term that describes the body's water status is called _______.

Hydration

A person with persistently elevated blood pressure is diagnosed with ______.

Hypertension

Mineral elements that have electrical charges that help maintain fluid balance in the body are called

Ions. electrolytes.

Which type of tissue contains more water?

Lean muscle

What role in the body do sodium and potassium have in common?

Maintaining fluid balance.

Minerals that are required in the diet each day in amounts larger than 100 milligrams are classified as _______ minerals.

Major

Good dietary sources of phosphorus include

Meat. dairy.

Since there is no Upper Level set for potassium, is it advisable for individuals to take potassium supplements?

No

Kidney-disease patients may need to monitor and regulate their _____ intake to avoid hyperphosphatemia.

Phosphorus

Which of the following is NOT a good source of magnesium?

Refined grains

The common name for sodium chloride is ______.

Salt

Most of the phosphorus in the body can be found in the

Skeleton

Table salt is chemically known as _______ ________.

Sodium chloride

People with osteoporosis may break a bone by falling, or they may experience _______ fractures, in which a fragile bone gives way for no apparent reason.

Spontaneous

Diffusion _____ when the concentrations of the material on either side of the plasma membrane are equal.

Stops

True or false: Each of the MyPlate food groups contribute minerals to the diet.

True

True or false: Most unusable substances in the body can dissolve in water and exit the body through the urine.

True

True or false: There is no Upper Level for potassium.

True

Humans are able to make some water and to obtain it from which of the following types of foods?

Vegetables, fruits

Which bones are most often subject to osteoporosis-related fractures?

Vertebrae, Ankle bones, Wrist bones, Hip bones

Calcium absorption in the small intestine is achieved with the help of

Vitamin D. calcium-binding protein.

Recommendations for total _____ intake vary widely because factors such as environmental temperatures, health conditions, physical activities, and dietary choices influence individual requirements.

Water

How long can a human survive without water?

a few days

Most of the sodium in the American diet comes from salt:

added during food preparation. added during to food during processing. added to cooked meals at the table.

Which MyPlate food group does not contribute minerals to the diet?

all MyPlate food groups contribute minerals to the diet

Of the foods listed below, the food that provides the most potassium is ______.

baked potato

Which of the following is not a function of water within the body?

bodily fluids provide a source of energy to the body

The process by which bone tissue gains strength and rigidity is called

bone mineralization.

Ted would like to lower his blood pressure by making a few dietary changes. If Ted aims to increase his potassium intake, he should:

choose more fruits and vegetables.

Which of the following diseases or conditions are positively affected by calcium rich diets?

chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, hypertension

Water moves from a region that is _____ to a region that has more material dissolved in it.

dilute

The kidneys produce smaller amounts of urine when

fluid intake is limited. fluid loss is great.

Since most Americans use too much table salt, and since table salt is sodium and chloride, most Americans get _____ than the AI for chloride.

greater than

The amount of water a person needs to consume is determined by

health conditions. environmental temperatures. dietary choices. physical activities.

People with hypertension are at an increased risk of

heart disease. Stroke. kidney failure.

Iron is an important component of______.

hemoglobin in blood cells.

The crystalline structure composed of calcium and phosphorus used for bone formation is called

hydroxyapatite

The body maintains fluid balance by controlling in each compartment the concentration of ________.

ions

Calcium, sodium and potassium are examples of _____ minerals

major

Roles for calcium in the body include

muscle contraction. bone and teeth formation. blood clot formation.

Potassium is needed by the body for

muscle contraction. nerve transmission.

Most salt substitutes are comprised of ______.

potassium chloride

Examples of foods high in sodium are

processed snacks.

Chloride along with sodium plays an important role in

regulating fluid balance.

Functions for chloride in the body include

regulation of acid base balance., Hydrochloric acid production in the stomach, transmission of nerve impulses.

Sodium is often added to foods during processing in order to

retard food spoilage. enhance flavor.

Consuming a calcium rich diet may have beneficial effects on

successful weight loss.

Roles for phosphorus in the body include

synthesizing DNA. regulating acid-base balance. generating ATP.

The major source of chloride in the American diet is

table salt.

The absorption of dietary magnesium increases when

the body is deficient in magnesium.

Major minerals are called major because

they are stored in the body in larger quantities. they are needed in greater dietary amounts.

Choose the statements about water that are true.

total water intake requirements vary widely. water needs vary based on environmental temperatures, age, and health conditions. dietary choices and physical activity influence water requirements

How are minerals classified?

trace minerals, major minerals

Which of the following are functions of water?

transport nutrients, regulate body temperature, major solvent

What is the primary avenue for excess water to be removed from the body?

urine output