KKS Exam 1 - WORLD WORLD HISTORY (CHAPTERS: 14-17)

What were Taxation during the Mughal empire soon came to be called?

"eating" (as in "eating" the kingdom's wealth).

How was the Ming Dynasty economically advanced?

- It had a highly developed system of banking and credit that facilitated commerce and manufacturing. As a consequence, trade and industry thrived. - In addition, as cities were largely the produce of trade, China had many large cities with populations over one million (in contrast, Europe had very few cities with a population in excess of 50,000 in 1500). - Manufacturing was still pre-capitalist, but highly developed. For example, the iron industry in North China produces 125,000 tons of iron a year—this was MUCH more than Britain's annual production during the first 50 years of the Industrial Revolution. - China also had a vast coastal trade.

Why was Zhenge's Expedition so significant?

- Nothing made clearer China's advanced position than the maritime expeditions of the eunuch Zhenge. - In 1405, he led a vast naval expedition through Straits of Malacca across the Indian Ocean to Africa. -- - His fleet had sixty-two ships( including several 400 foot, 1,500 ton "treasure junks") manned by no-less-than 28,000 sailors. - Compare this expedition, for a moment, with Columbus's first voyage of discovery on three ships that each displaced less than 100 tons.. - Zhenge brought many gifts and rare items back to China including giraffes.' - The voyages proved to be HIGHLY profitable for their financial backers in the Chinese court. - More important, the voyages seemed to presage the expansion of Chinese trade and influence and the establishment of China as a major player in the budding Indian Ocean Trading System.

How did the Ming Dynasty exercise over centralization?

- The Confucian bureaucrats s and the imperial court had the ability to stop international trade etc. because of the government's unquestioned authority and vast power over all aspects of Chinese life. - The government controlled printing - The state also controlled business and manufacturing - The Chinese state was thus powerful enough to quash ideas, classes, and initiatives that it did not like.

Why did the Chinese government during the Ming Dynasty turn away from expansion abroad?

-First, Zhenge's trips created jealousy among the Confucian bureaucrats who felt that their positions were threatened by his absurdly profitable journeys -Second, successive Chinese governments felt (legitimately) that they needed to concentrate the state's energy on defending China from the threat of nomads such as the Mongols who menaced China not from the south or the Ocean but from the Asian steppes to the north. Thus, the edicts banning ships were passed in order to focus resources and energy on dealing with the northern threat. -Finally, opposition to Zhenge's maritime expeditions can be traced to the inherent conservatism of Confucian bureaucrats. Having recently lived under foreign rulers believed to be inferior (the Mongols), China's Confucian elite focused its energy on restoring China's past glory (which they believed was tied into farming rather than commerce or shipping; in fact, the Confucian saw the accumulation of capital, the practice of buying cheap and selling high, and the ostentation of the nouveaux riche as unseemly and contrary to the maintenance of China's social order and harmony). Thus, the need to concentrate on the northern threat, the Confucian gentry's desire to maintain its privileged position, and that elite's focus on restoring past glories combined to lead the Chinese government to end Zhenge's expeditions and to turn China's backs on external contacts, and to oppose the acquisition of foreign technologies and innovations (seeking to restore China's past glories meant, implicitly, rejecting foreign ideas as inferior)

In what ways did the Mughals proved to be effective rulers?

1. They did not impose Islam on Hindus, and even used many Hindus in government administration 2. they also fostered economic development (Mughal empire enjoyed a strong system of banking and credit, and even had paper money) 3. The taxes collected by the Zamindars (local officials who collected taxes and were paid based on the size of their receipts) ruled the people well and taxes were kept low. Overall, India under the Mughals thus enjoyed a period of economic prosperity in the 16th century.

Where was the Mughal Empire located and which time period were they the most strong?

16th-18th century India

Who are the Ottomans?

A Turkish people who originated in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) in the 14th century. They established dominance over Asia Minor and then over the Balkans (where they defeated the Serbs in 1389 at the Battle of Kosovo

How was the capturing of men different than capturing children and women during Mourning wars?

Adult men, however, would be ritually tortured by the entire village over a period of days. He would have an important (and surprising to us) role to play--he would try as hard as possible to refrain from crying out while he was burned, cut, and beaten by dozens of people for days on end. WHILE women and children were adopted into the tribe.

What is the Triangle Trade?

African people trading their own African sales for profit or for imported East Asian or European Goods. Those Africans who actually captured the slaves (Europeans typically purchased people who were already enslaved) were paid with imported goods such as East Asian textiles and European manufactured goods (this was the precursor to the famous Triangular Trade of African slaves for Caribbean sugar cane for New England rum that grew so large in the eighteenth century). As a consequence of the vastly increased demand in slaves, the African economy began more and more to specialize in the slave trade. This would, over time, undercut the development of a healthier, balanced economy and would stem the development of industry. The global economy would thus have disastrous consequences for both Africa's economy and its people.

What happened during the rise of the Fur trade?

Around 1550, the desire for fur hats in Europe was increasing. Europeans increasingly exchanged utilitarian items such as brass pots, beads, glass, kettles, liquor, cloth, and, especially, iron weapons for furs.

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

As both were now in the trade and exploration game, Portugal and Spain sought to avoid having a conflict overseas that might lead to a war on the Iberian Peninsula (on which both Spain and Portugal are located). The Pope obliged with the Treaty of Tordesillas. This treaty divided the world between the Portuguese and the Spanish. Spain would have the exclusive right to trade and colonize all territory west of the line (which ran down the middle of the Atlantic), while Portugal would get the same privileges east of the line. The Treaty did help rationalize Portuguese/Spanish overseas activities, but it failed to prevent other powers (especially Protestant ones such as Britain and Holland) from also engaging in trade and exploration.

What other states eventually became dominant powers of overseas trade and exploration?

Britain and France

Before 1858, British India was in the hands of the

British East India Company

How were the Indians drawn into the global economy?

By 1581, the beaver trade had become so lucrative that the French merchants from the port of St. Malo began sending ships annually to the Montagnais settlement of Tadoussac on the St. Lawrence River. By 1584, earning were so high that they sent five ships; the following year they sent ten. As this trade accelerated, it began to transform the Indians' social structure (remember: social systems rest upon the underlying economic system) and would most markedly transform Indian trade/diplomacy and warfare.

What was the global economy like in the 1700s?

By 1700, the global economy fostered by European trade and expansion had already become firmly emplaced. One part centered on the trade in gold and silver from the New World in exchange for European manufactured goods. A second part focused on the exchange of Chinese tea and silk and Indian cotton for European manufactured goods (though, in fact, the Chinese imported very little and tended to receive principally silver in exchange for their goods). A third centered on the plantations established in the Americas (these were large farms typically worked by slaves on which cash crops were grown). This trade sent increasingly desirable commodities such as sugar, tobacco, and coffee (these two crops were largely grow in the Caribbean) to Europe in exchange for high profit European manufactured goods. Finally, the British, Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and French exchanged manufactured goods and Chinese silk for slaves in West Africa. The slaves were then shipped to plantations in the New World.

What is the Columbian Exchange?

Columbian Exchange: the reciprocal exchange of goods, animals, and diseases between the heretofore long separated Old World and New World.

The Spaniards were known as the

Conquistadors and were given sanction to conquer the New World by the crown, but were funded privately and were not under direct government control, to spread Catholicism and enrich themselves but were proved to be harsh and cruel..

Why was the reason for the Decline of the Ming Empire?

Despite the advantageous position China enjoyed in the early 15th century, it turned away from exploration, technological development, and economic expansion.

What was the Inland tribes clash with the coastal Indians over European trade like?

During the 1580s, for example, the Montagnais used their position on the Saguenay River--a trade route long before the arrival of the Europeans--to profit not by increasing fur trapping as the Micmac had done, but by purchasing furs from other tribes at a discount and then selling them to the French. To maintain their monopoly, the Montagnais periodically clashed with inland Native Americans who sought to trade directly with the Europeans. Some inland Indians attacked the coastal Indians that dominated the trade and forced them out of their territory. The Wappingers of the upper Hudson River, for instance, violently drove the Munsee Indians out of the lower part of the valley.

What event and Who established the Ming Dynasty?

Established in 1368 by Zhu Yuanzhang who led a revolt against the Mongols. -He quickly restored China to its former position as a great, centralized empire on the Confucian model. The Ming Dynasty restored control over Mongolia, and strengthened the Great Wall (which protected China against nomadic attacks). -By 1500, the Ming Dynasty controlled a powerful, unified empire of 130 million people

What new goods and crops did the Europeans acquire from the Americas?

Europe acquired from the Americas new goods and crops such as potatoes, corn, manioc, and tobacco.

What stood at the CORE of the global economy?

Europe stood at the core of the global economy. It produced finished goods (clocks, textiles, etc.) and processed goods such as foods (roasted coffee, refined sugar). These were high-profit activities, and were the most capital-intensive and thus capitalistic economic activities of the day.

Why was trade in Europe successful for the most part?

Europe's highly differentiated climate also spurred trade. Having dramatically different physical environments and climates in different areas (compare Scotland to southern Italy, for example) Europe was able to produce many highly different goods, which, in turn, spurred long-distance trade between different parts of the continent. Also, The long-distance trade between different parts of Europe also spurred the development of technological innovations in sea going: such as improved cartography, the telescope, the barometer, and the gimbaled compass.

What was the main advantage of Europe's separated states?

Europe, therefore, benefited (paradoxically) from its political fragmentation, constant fighting, and division. Europe's advantage, in short, was that it had the fewest hindrances to the growth of the entrepreneurial spirit, technological innovation, and necessary organizational innovations (banks, insurance) needed for economic growth, trade, and exploration. The competition between European states thus abetted the technological and organizational advances that would make Europe the center of the globe for centuries to come.

What is a Caravel?

Europeans had developed the Caravel in the 14th century. The caravel was a small but seaworthy and maneuverable vessel. It incorporated the tough design of North Sea Cogs (including their square sails and durable hulls) with the more maneuverable triangular Lateen Sails used on ships designed for the calmer waters of the Mediterranean. They were maneuverable, had good cargo space for their size, and could sail on the open ocean. Without this ship, the Europeans would have been unable either to begin the process of exploration or to establish meaningful trade routes.

Who was Bartolomeu Dias?

Eventually, Portuguese mariners heard tails that they could get to the Indian Ocean by sailing around the southern tip of Africa. Bartolomeu Dias was the first to reach the southern tip of Africa in 1487 (the Cape of Good Hope), but he had to stop as he feared a mutiny.

Who was Francisco Pizarro?

Francisco Pizarro seized the Incan Empire in modern-day Peru. He too became rich because of the huge amount of silver the Incans had and because of the discovery of incredibly rich silver mines at places like Potosi.

What would the French, Spanish, Basque and Portuguese exchange trade for with Indians ?

French, Spanish, Basque, and Portuguese sailors wanted: beaver pelts. Coastal Indians such as the Micmac of Canada wanted high-prestige Europeans goods such as glass beads, to trade with other indian tribes for reputation.

Ming Empire, Safavid, the Ottoman and Mughal Empires AS A GROUP WERE KNOWN AS THE

GUNPOWDER EMPIRES

What is a bronze cannon?

Gone were the huge bombards that had felled the walls of Constantinople. In their place came lightweight bronze cannons that could be used in field battles or that could . . . Be mounted on caravels ( earlier cannons were too large) The advent of the ship-borne cannon meant that cannon equipped ships could avoid close-in fighting by merely blasting opposing vessels before they could close to boarding range. This gave the Europeans a huge advantage.

What was the weakness of the gunpowder empires?

Gunpowder empires thus turn out to be good at consolidating great territory (with firearms), but bad at fostering the future economic and technological development on which political survival and growth depended on.

Monopoly over firearms was so significant for these gunpowder empires because...

Having control over the only significant military establishment with firearms, rulers of these empires faced little external or internal challenge. They thus enjoyed unparalleled power and tended to rule very large empires

Who was a Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) of Portugal ?

He saw overseas exploration and trade as Portugal's ticket to big-power status (remember: Portugal could not expand in Europe as it was pinned in by powerful Spain). Eager to foster ship-borne exploration, he established in 1419 a school to train navigators for long distance exploratory voyages. He also funded a number of voyages (remember: such voyages were fabulously expensive), and began sending small fleets southward down the coast of West Africa. At first, Henry was merely looking for a way to get gold from Ghana without having to pay Arab middlemen in Morocco. Portuguese expeditions sailing down the African coast established trading bases (stone forts) at the mouths of rivers that soon proved quite profitable. In 1441, moreover, a Portuguese ship brought back to Portugal black slaves from near Senegal (slavery was common in Africa, but before this African slaves brought to Europe had to be purchased from Arab middlemen). The Portuguese had thereby outflanked the middlemen in the traditional slave trade. Later fleets—after Henry died—found new source of gold on the Gold Coast.

Who was Hernan Cortes?

Hernan Cortes, for example, conquered the wealthy Aztec Empire between 1519-1522. He became enormously rich because of the huge amounts of gold he looted from the Aztecs' capital city.

While European style wars aimed for territorial or economic goods, How were conflicts for Woodland Indians with other indians different?

IT WAS CULTURAL. Instead, Native Americans fought conflicts known as blood feuds or "Mourning Wars" in which they retaliated for the deaths of their kinsmen by killing or capturing Indians from rival tribes. The retaliatory nature of Indian warfare meant that Indians viewed each death not as retaliation, but as fresh attack that needed to be avenged. Thus, Mourning Wars could last for decade

Who Ignored the Treaty of Tordesillas and penetrated the Portuguese-dominated Indian Ocean in 1590s?

Ignoring the Treaty of Tordesillas, Dutch ships begin to penetrate the heretofore Portuguese-dominated Indian Ocean in 1590s.

What did the emperor ban in the Chinese government during the Ming Dynasty?

In 1436, the emperor banned the construction of ocean going ships. Later, the government banned the construction of ships with more than two masts. Still later, it banned maritime trade.

How was Malacca significant to the Portuguese

In 1511,Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque led a Portuguese force that seized the Muslim city of Malacca in modern day Malaysia. Malacca was a pivotal city and thus dominated the spice trade. Meanwhile, Portuguese ships sank any Arab trading vessel they came upon and even sank ships full of pilgrims going to Mecca. The seizure of Malacca (and the concomitant control of the Straits of Malacca) destroyed irrevocably Arab control of the spice trade, and provided a vital base on the route to the Spice Islands.

Where was the Ming Dynasty Located ?

In China (1368-1644)

What century was the Ming Dynasty's Golden Era ?

In the 15th century, the Ming Dynasty was at its apex.

Where did the Dutch first establish control ?

In the 1610s, the Dutch established formal control of Batavia (Jakarta). This gave them control over the increasingly important Sunda Straits used for the return voyage westward across the Indian Ocean to Europe. Control of Batavia was the first step in Holland's eventual control of all of Indonesia (Holland would not relinquish that control until 1949). In 1641, the Dutch concluded their effort to displace Portugal by capturing Malacca. They thus controlled both of the critical straits and thus were ensured of continued dominance of the spice trade.

How did the Woodland Indians TRADE before their contact with the Europeans?

Indians would trade goods and products for those that they could not access locally. they refused to haggle for fear of offending their trading partners and destroying the commercial relations on which peace rested. Trade was thus not just about exchanging goods, but was principally a system that helped to link Indian tribes together. EXAMPLES: The Susquehanocks who lived in Pennsylvania exchanged wampum beads for goods produced by more northerly tribes. The Neutrals of New York did a thriving business trading tobacco and black squirrel skins with the Hurons of southern Ontario. The Hurons, in turn, supplied the semi-nomadic Algonkian Indians located further north with squirrel-skin coats, nets, ropes, southern luxury goods such as tobacco, and foodstuffs in exchange for dried fish and skins. Saint Lawrence valley tribes such as the Montagnais Indians, meanwhile, continued to use the well-established Saguenay River trade route to swap foodstuffs for upper Great Lakes copper.

What was the most desired product that Indians wanted from the Europeans?

Iron Weapons to defend themselves and restore the balance of power.

What did the Ottoman Turks rename Constantinople?

Istanbul

What was the fault of the Ming dynasty that caused it to decline?

It turned inwards, the economy faltered, and fail to acquire new technologies from abroad. EXAMPLE: The Chinese government ordered the blast furnaces in North China to cease iron production.

What was a city that was made for commerce?

Malacca

Besides the Taj Mahal, why were the taxes raised?

Mughal capitol—court life, harems, bodyguards, a large army, clothes, jewelry, etc.—required ridiculous taxes collected by the Zamindars

Which Mughal rulers were responsible for expanded the Mughal Empire to include most of the Indian subcontinent?

Mughal rulers Humayun and Akbar

What new goods and crops did the Americans acquire from the Europeans?

New World would get the horse, the cow, and, eventually, African killer bees and Chinese kudzu. More importantly, diseases such as smallpox and typhus would come to the Americas. Lacking exposure to these diseases, tens of millions of Indians would die from them (the Europeans would get, in exchange, syphilis from the New World).

What were the compass and the astrolabe?

New navigational technologies also made long-distance voyages out of sight of land possible. The magnetic compass (invented by the Chinese, it came to Europe in the 13th-14th century) pointed north and thus gave navigators the ability to determine their direction of travel. The astrolabe, meanwhile, measured the altitude of the sun and stars above the horizon, and thus aided in navigation. These permitted accurate sailing This tools facilitated exploration by making voyages into uncharted water much less dangerous (you could find your way home).

How did warfare transform the North American Indians?

No longer did warfare serve demographic and spiritual purpose; instead, it began to function as a way of acquiring goods and, indirectly, power This in turn meant a real transformation of Indian society at all levels.

Who was Vasco de Gama?

On a lengthy voyage that took place from 1497-1499, he sailed around the Cape of Good Hope with a small fleet in a successful bid to outflank the Ottoman Empire's monopoly on the spice trade. He stopped at various Arab-dominated ports in East Africa (including Kilwa and Mombasa). At one of these ports he hired an Arab navigator who knew the routes across the Arabian Sea to the Indian port of Calicut. Da Gama and his crew thus became the first Europeans to journey to India by sea. He thought wrongly that Calicut was the source of spices—it was really just an entrepot. Nonetheless, he purchased spices at (by European market standards) ridiculously low prices). He then returned to Lisbon ( losing two ships on the return voyage) with his ships' holds full of ginger and cloves. The profits were unbelievable. Having avoiding paying the various middlemen and the Ottoman Empire's taxes, the investors who backed da Gama earned 40 times their investment.

What did the Turkish system depend on to pay for the Empires large armies.

Plunder. When the empire was expanding, the soldiers could be paid from newly plundered cities.

How was Portugal significant during the first world trading?

Portugal proved able to do so because of its technological advantages. Caravels with bronze cannons could defeat the ships of the Arabs and other rivals easily as the Portuguese could just keep their distance in naval battles and blast away. Note: Portugal did not control substantial territory in the Indian Ocean, nor did it rule many subjects directly. This was a commercial empire. Portugal could dominate the region not through direct control, but by controlling commerce. Thus, it needed merely a series of small forts, trading bases, and a few key positions such as Malacca and Goa.

Where did Portugal dominate in the 16th century?

Portugal would turn the Indian Ocean into a Portuguese lake in the 16th century when it dominated completely the trade of that region.

What were the difference Motives for European Exploration and Expansion?

RELIGION Europeans were motivated to explore and to expand their influence because they sought to spread their religion throughout the world. In particular, they saw themselves as being in competition with Islam, and thus sought to Christianize "heathen" peoples. ECONOMICS The fall of Constantinople and the related establishment of the Ottoman Empire reinforced Muslim control over the lucrative trade in luxury goods. Silk (more on this product in a moment), spices, porcelain, and other goods from India and the Far East were highly prized in Europe. THUS charging high prices to Europeans. SPICES Spices such as cloves, mace, nutmeg, ginger, pepper, and cinnamon were highly prized in Europe because they were increasingly used to improve the Europeans' bland diet by making food tastier.

What is the caste system in India?

Restriction of the market and entrepreneurial initiative by rigidly pinning individuals into certain lines of work

Why was Spain able to surpass Portugal after being so late to enter exploration and overseas commerce?

Spain was a rich, powerful country compared to Portugal. Spain would seek to circumvent the Arab and Ottoman middlemen by attempting to find a westward link to the Spice Islands.

What was the biggest shift for people from a subsistence economy to a commercial one that changed the way people lived?

THE MOST IMPORTANT CONSEQUENCE ECONOMICALLY AND SOCIALLY.

What is the most artistic architectural structure and symbol of failure of the Mughal empire in India?

Taj Mahal

How was the Ming Dynasty the most technologically advance during that time period ?

The Chinese had huge libraries made possible by the invention of printing and movable type (such libraries facilitated the spread of learning, new techniques, and new technologies). - The Chinese had also invented the magnetic compass (necessary for open-ocean navigation), and had developed a large navy and merchant marine. - China had the world's most advanced system of canals (the Chinese had invented canal locks) and irrigation. - The Chinese had also invented gunpowder, and had developed effective gunpowder weapons in the form of firearms and artillery.

How did oversea trade and exploration bring the world together?

The Europeans, however, would tie together the New World, Asia, the Indian Ocean, West Africa, and Europe into a single trading entity. The ideas and goods of one region would thus become more readily available in other areas. This process would involve trading goods between different regions, and would result in specialization in production. This was a very gradual process that only began in the 16th century (and that remains, in some ways, not even fully complete today).

What was the lives like for the Woodland Indians before contact with the Europeans?

The Indians of North America lived a largely subsistence existence in small/local political structures called tribes. They engaged in limited subsistence agriculture (slash-and-burn) and in hunting and gathering. Indian social relations were governed by reciprocity. This was a practice that ensured good social relations within a village or tribe. Instead of selling goods, they exchanged gifts to show they they liked other tribes. GIVING RATHER THAN SELLING. Giving away more meant more status and good reputations, it was the oil of Indian Society.

What were the three Great Muslim Empires prior to the 1500s?

The Ottoman Empire in the Middle East and North Africa, the Safavid Empire in Persia and the Mughal Empire in South Asia.

Following the siezure of Constantiople, where else did the Ottomans expand?

The Ottomans further expanded into the Balkans (taking Bosnia and Serbia), and into Hungary between 1453 and 1481. Between 1481 and 1521, expanded into Mesopotamia, and Egypt. From 1521-1566, the Ottoman Empire won control of North Africa along Mediterranean Sea. As late as 1683, Turkish armies besieged Vienna in Austria.

How was Goa significant to the Portuguese?

The Portuguese soon establish a trading base at Goa (1510) in India where they built a fort and a factory (called a factory, but really a warehouse). Portugal maintained its trading base at Goa until 1962. Having established a commercial toehold in Goa, Portugal promptly set about destroying/raiding the then-dominant Arab sea trade in the Indian Ocean. Though Portugal was a tiny country and was located 8,000 miles from the Indian Ocean, it proved able to destroy Arab sea power and commercial dominance in the region because the Portuguese had bronze, ship-borne cannons and the Arabs did not.

Who was Christopher Columbus?

The Spanish monarchs (Ferdinand and Isabella) chose to fund a voyage of exploration by the Italian Christopher Columbus. Columbus, famously, had a novel idea: if the earth was round (as scientists were then increasingly arguing) he could reach the valuable Spice Islands not by going east but by going west. Columbus believed that the world was smaller than it really was, and was thus unaware of the enormous distance he would need to cover to arrive in the East Indies. his first voyage of exploration (1492) soon landed upon the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. He and his men thus became the first (officially) Europeans to "discover" the New World (tens of millions of Native Americans had, of course, already discovered the Americas). In the short run, Columbus was a failure. Spain could not crack the spice trade by going west. Spain, however, would soon establish a vast colonial empire in the New World, in part because the New World had abundant gold and silver.

What characteristics did the Ottoman Empire's Sultan have?

The Sultan ruled with no restraint—there was no internal nobility or other power groupings to challenge or restrain him. Centralized control meant that Sultans could quash initiative and could prevent new groups and classes from emerging to challenge him. For example, large, powerful merchants were discouraged, as sultans feared that such merchants would challenge their rule.

What is the Encomienda System?

The best example of the Europeans' impact on life was the Spanish Encomienda System. Spain set up the Encomienda System to oversee the peoples of the Americas—it was supposed to be an exchange of tribute and labor from the Native Americans for protection and the provision of material goods form the Spanish. In reality, however, it was quite different. Spanish settlers were far from home and thus far from the control of the Spanish government. Rather than protecting the Native Americans, most Spanish settlers in the New World savagely exploited them. For example, many of the indigenous people worked in brutal conditions in the sugar cane fields and in the silver and gold mines. Weakened by harsh work conditions and low rations, many more died of disease or malnourishment.

What was the Key to the consolidation of the Ottoman Empire and led by who?

The capture of Constantinople (which the Ottomans renamed Istanbul) under Sultan Mehmet II.

What was the disadvantage for those paying high taxes during the mughal Empire?

The expense of the Mughals lavish court life and large army meant that the peasants and merchants got little in return for the high taxes they paid (the government made few improvement in roads or irrigation, and provided relief in hard times). Thus, taxes provided no real benefit to those who paid them and stifled rather than benefited economic growth.

What was the lives like for the Woodland Indians after the contact with the Europeans?

The fur trade quickly transformed the eastern Indians' blood feuds into territorial contests. The ever-increasing desire for European manufactured goods induced Indians to specialize in fur trapping. After hunting beaver to the point of extinction in their own territory, for example, the Micmacs attacked the nearby Etchemin Indians in an effort to take their rich trapping grounds. The iron weapons (which were vastly superior to the flint and stone weapons that predominated) that the Micmacs received from the Europeans in exchange for beaver pelts insured that they would prevail. The Micmacs were thus successful in launching the Woodland Indians first territorially and economically motivated war

What were some things that the Ottoman Empire ban in their government?

The government banned printing press to prevent the Shi'ite branch of Islam from growing (the Ottomans were Sunnis). As a result, learning was severely limited in the Ottoman Empire even as printing was remaking the intellectual and cultural map of Europe and permitting people to spread knowledge and new economic and technological techniques throughout Europe. Since the centralized state controlled most industry, the Sultan could stop a particular activity if he so desired. For instance, successive Sultans refused to replace the army's bulky, immovable cannon with lighter, more mobile cast-iron guns of European design. Why? Because they did not have to. For several hundred years, they faced no external enemy that could conquer them (the European stat

What area changed due to the global market that the Europeans did not settle in?

The integration of North America into the World Trade System would radically alter the social structure of the Woodland Indians of North America decades before the establishment of permanent European settlements in North America.

What the main difference between European states and the 'gunpowder empires"

The many small European states needed to spend the money on research and development because falling behind in military technology typically resulted in a military disaster and the resultant loss of power. - When offered a new military innovation by an independent arms manufacturer, for example, a European leader would have to purchase it for fear that the manufacturer would sell that new weapon to a rival.

What was the root problem of the Mughals?

The root problem of the Mughals was over centralization mad possible by the fact that the government faced neither powerful internal nor external enemies

How long have the spice trade routes been going on ?

The spice trade has been carried on by sea since the legendary Queen of Sheba and the Chinese sailed in search of cloves and nutmeg since the Tang Dynasty.

After expansion stopped in the Ottoman Empire, why did problems arise?

The sultans still desired to maintain a large army to maintain internal order and to ward off potential external threats but lacked the means to pay the troops

How did life change for Europe in response to the global market?

The vast majority of the world's people (including Europe's peasants) lived a subsistence existence in 1500 in which they produced the goods they consumed (food, clothing, shelter) and did not participate to a significant degree in the barter or cash based market economy then emerging. The emergence of the nascent global trading system would thus begin the slow process of pulling those people who lived in the periphery and semi-periphery into a cash-based, commercial economy.

Besides transforming the economic systems of the world, what did the global market do to the social structures?

The way people lived--the hierarchy in family and society, gender relations, etc.--would also change dramatically. THUS, WORLD TRADE WOULD ALTER THE VERY STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY ACROSS THE GLOBE.

What stood at the PERIPHERY of the global economy?

These areas (which included the Spice Islands, India, the Gold Coast, parts of Central America, and, to some degree, China) produced the raw materials the core regions needed to produced finished goods (coffee was grown in Indonesia, for example, while silver and gold were mined in Central America). They also served as markets for the core regions.

What are mourning wars?

These conflicts were not just instances of mindless violence, but satisfied important cultural, demographic, religious and social control functions in Indian society. Culturally, they achieved vengeance, provided an outlet for grief, gave young men the opportunity to gain prestige. Demographically, they allowed tribes and villages to secure captives to replace deceased clan members (as we shall see, in Mourning War, Indians would keep women and children they captured, but would kill adult men). Spiritually, Morning War was essential because Indians believed that their community lost spiritual strength when its members died (a larger community had greater spiritual strength). Taking captives thus restored group strength. Mourning War also served an important religious purpose because it ensured a supply of victims for important ritual, cannibalistic sacrifices. Finally, Mourning War formalized and controlled violent behavior in Indian society.

Why were the gunpowder empires so powerful?

They benefited from large numbers of horsed cavalry, these nomads used their technological advantage in firearms and siege weapons to achieve control over large territories inhabited by sedentary, agricultural people who lacked the enormous military advantage of firearms and thus could not compete with the nomads or defend themselves.

How were the Turks such effective administrators?

They borrowed/adapted the bureaucracy of the Byzantine Empire to suit their need. The Turks were quite technologically and economically advanced. They were especially advanced in cartography, math, horse breeding, and most importantly GUNCASTING

Because they were conservatives, why did the Ottomans disfavor European ideas ?

They feared would disrupt the existing social order. They consequently did not adopt European innovations such as better methods for limiting the spread of plague, and paid the price (whereas better public health prevented eruptions of the plague in Europe, outbreaks of the disease were common in the Ottoman Empire).

What did the Mughals (like the other gunpowder empires) have in common as a cause of their decline?

They focused on living a lavish lifestyle at court rather than on fostering economic or technological development (improved firearm against enemies)

What was most interesting about the Mughal Empire's ruling in India?

They thus established a vast, centralized empire in which a comparatively small Muslim ruling class governed a largely Hindu subject class

What were the advantages of France, England and Spain?

They were growing increasingly wealthy and thus able to provide the enormous amounts of capital needed to fund expensive exploratory voyages.

What is the accurate to state the t the Ottoman Turks

Took control of Constantinople in 1453

How were the Ottoman Empire able to take over Constantinople?

Under Sultan Mehmet II, The Ottoman Empire would use a new weapon of war to take the city: siege guns. Chief among these siege guns was Urban's Bombard (a very heavy cannon with a 26 foot barrel that fired 1,200 pound stone projectiles) With the Ottoman's other guns, Urban's Bombard knocked the vaunted walls of Constantinople down and allowed the Ottoman's elite infantry to conquer the city and turn it into the Ottoman's new capital

Why did India attract the Mughal Empire and who lead as ruler?

Under a great ruler named Babur (1483-1530), they crossed into India in the 1510s through high passes in the Hindu Kush Mountains. India attracted these militarily powerful, horsed nomads because at that time it was divided into a large number of Muslim and Hindu kingdoms.

What was the main difference between the Ming and European states?

Unlike Ming China, moreover, many European states (Genoa, for example) strongly encouraged the development of independent trade and would fund overseas expeditions because of their desire for profits.

What was the difference between the gunpowder empires and the Europe?

Unlike the Mughal, Ottoman, and Ming Empires, Europe was not a cohesive, centralized political entity. Instead, it was divided into many tiny, competing states.

What did the Ming, Mughal and Ottoman empires have in common?

We have thus seen that the Ming, Mughal, and Ottoman Empires failed to lead the world into the modern era because of their intrinsic conservatism, centralization, and regional military dominance.

How were the Mughals able to sieze the city of Delhi in 1526?

With aid of siege guns.

What is a Portolani?

cartographers and mathematicians had produced detailed Medieval sea charts called Portolani that proved invaluable in navigating the waters around Europe. These maps were dawn flat—i.e., they did not account for the curvature of the Earth—so they were of little value for long-distance voyages. However, they made sailing to the edge of European waters safer, and proved accurate for short trips down the West African coast. They thus helped the Europeans begin the process of oceanic exploration and made at least the early parts of their voyages relatively safe.

What were the difference economic zones that scholars described in the global economy?

core, periphery, and semi-periphery.

The Treaty of Tordesillas

divided the "new" areas discovered by Europeans between Spain and Portugal.

Babur, the founder of the Mughal Dynasty in India

established his northern Indian domain after his conquest of Delhi

What time period did the Ottoman Empire peak control?

from 1450-1600

The emergence of the global economy and the growth of the African slave trade was

hastened. it changed dramatically with the arrival of Portuguese traders on the West Africa coastal in the late 15th century. Plantations in the New World (especially those growing valuable sugar cane) created a strong demand for slaves. Workers were needed and the indigenous peoples were dying of disease (more on this under the Columbian Exchange).

Dutch colonial efforts were

highly successful in Southeast Asia, and particularly on the island of Java.

What was the result of the fear of soldiers impact the economy in the Ottoman Empire

local officials were forced to raise taxes to levels that stifled commerce in effort to buy off soldiers.

While Europeans enjoyed access to new markets and raw materials and became enriched, what did non europeans endured?

non-Europeans saw their economies reshaped and (often) their friends and family members enslaved.

What was the fault of the monopoly over firearms

rulers of gunpowder empires had little interest in spending money developing new weapons (after all, why should a ruler waste resources developing expensive weapons if that ruler had a monopoly on firearms? New weapons could only pose a threat to you in the hands of aspiring local leaders or underlings

What stood at the SEMI-PERIPHERY of the global economy?

semi-periphery regions were those in which people continued to lead a primarily subsistence economy. Those people who lived in such regions were not yet integrated into the world economy, and instead led a subsistence existence in which they focused on producing themselves the goods they needed to survive (food, shelter, clothing) rather than on producing goods or crops for sale. Virtually all people continued to lead a subsistence existence during the 16th and 17th centuries, including the Indians of North America, and those people living in places such as Central Asia, and Southeast Asia.

An influential cargo brought back to Portugal from the West African coastal voyages in 1441 was

slaves

Portuguese control of the spice trade was ended by

the establishment of the British and Dutch East India Companies.

What brought the rise to the Dutch ?

the key to Holland's rise to power was the development of the Dutch East India Company. Holland established this public-private institution in 1602 to control and facilitate trade between Northern European and the Spice Islands. The Dutch, it turned out, were better organized, had better ships, and enjoyed more funding than did their Portuguese rivals.

Which group was the discouraged to gunpowder empires and why?

the rise of new merchant classes because those people could pose a political challenge to their rule.

Why was it an advantage that the European states were separated ?

there was no single, overarching power, no single leader or bureaucracy could quash economic development—entrepreneurs could always go elsewhere to great advantage. For example: French Protestant Huguenots or Spanish Jews, for example—would move when oppressed and take their commerce and manufacturing with them (to the disadvantage of the government that oppressed them or overtaxes them, as that government lost the economic benefits that that group provided.

Why did the Europeans' religious and economic motives work out well for them?

they had the ability, resources, and expertise to organize the complex voyages of exploration and to establish the trade routes that would carry the spices and other goods back to Europe. and kept developing their technological innovations because of it.

What ironic weaker state was still able to explore and commercial expansion abroad ?

tiny Portugal (unable to expand its power in Europe because it bordered the much-more powerful state of Spain) would become a major player by establishing substantial trade outside of Europe.

The Taj Mahal was...

was built in memory of Mumtaz Mahal, the deceased wife of the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan. It was completed in 1653 and took over twenty years to build. It's at a tremendous cost, however, forcing taxes up.

How was the new world significant to Spain?

wealth of the New World and to Christianize the Indians (who were, at the same time, enslaved) Spain also established formal colonial control of most of Central America and large parts of South America. The Spaniards also established plantation agriculture on islands for cash crops such as sugar and later coffee.