Lab 10 Clinicals

Crohn's disease

A chronic autoimmune disorder that is most often found in the ileum and in the colon. An inflammation of any part of the gastrointestinal tract in which the inflammation extends from the mucosa through the submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. A type of IBS.

Bulima

A serious eating disorder marked by binging, followed by methods to avoid weight gain.

Cirrhosis

Distorted or scarred liver as a result of chronic inflammation due to hepatitis, chemicals that destroy hepatocytes, parasites that infect the liver, or alcoholism. Symptoms include jaundice, edema in the legs, uncontrolled bleeding, and increased sensitivity to drugs.

GERD (Gastroesphogeal Reflux Disease)

If the lower esophageal sphincter fails to close adequately after food has entered the stomach, the stomach contents can reflux (back up) into the inferior portion of the esophagus. This condition is known as ______________.

Diverticulitis

Inflammation of diverticula; may be characterized by pain, either constipation or increased frequency of defecation, nausea, vomiting, and low-grade fever. Patients who change to high-fiber diets show marked relief of symptoms.

Anorexia nervosa

A chronic disorder characterized by self-induced weight loss, negative perception of body image, and physiological changes that result from nutritional depletion. Patients have a fixation on weight control and often abuse laxatives, which worsens their fluid and electrolyte imbalances and nutrient deficiencies.

Diverticular disease

A condition in which small, bulging pouches develop in the digestive tract's large intestine. Most commonly in the sigmoid colon.

Ascites

Abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity.

Peptic ulcer disease

An ulcer is a craterlike lesion in a membrane; ulcers that develop in areas of the GI tract exposed to acidic gastric juice are called peptic ulcers. The most common complication of peptic ulcers is bleeding, which can lead to anemia if enough blood is lost. In acute cases, peptic ulcers can lead to shock and death. Three distinct causes of PUD are recognized: (1) the bacterium Helicobacter pylori; (2) nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin; and (3) hypersecretion of HCl, as occurs in Zollinger‐Ellison syndrome, which involves a gastrin‐producing tumor, usually of the pancreas. Helicobacter pylori (previously named Campylobacter pylori) is the most frequent cause of PUD. The bacterium produces an enzyme called urease, which splits urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. While shielding the bacterium from the acidity of the stomach, the ammonia also damages the protective mucous layer of the stomach and the underlying gastric cells. H. pylori also produces catalase, an enzyme that may protect the microbe from phagocytosis by neutrophils, plus several adhesion proteins that allow the bacterium to attach itself to gastric cells. Several therapeutic approaches are helpful in the treatment of PUD. Because cigarette smoke, alcohol, caffeine, and NSAIDs can impair mucosal defensive mechanisms, in the process increasing mucosal susceptibility to the damaging effects of HCl, these substances should be avoided. In cases associated with H. pylori, treatment with an antibiotic drug often resolves the problem. Oral antacids such as Tums® or Maalox® can help temporarily by buffering gastric acid. When hypersecretion of HCl is the cause of PUD, H2 blockers (such as Tagamet®) or proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole (Prilosec®) may be used to block secretion of H+ from parietal cells.

Gallstones

If bile contains either insufficient bile salts or lecithin or excessive cholesterol, the cholesterol may crystallize to form. As they grow in size and number, _______ may cause minimal, intermittent, or complete obstruction to the flow of bile from the gallbladder into the duodenum. Treatment consists of using ____________‐dissolving drugs, lithotripsy (shock‐wave therapy), or surgery. For people with a history of these or for whom drugs or lithotripsy are —the removal of the gallbladder and its contents—is necessary

Inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract that exists in two forms. (1) Crohn's disease is an inflammation of any part of the gastrointestinal tract in which the inflammation extends from the mucosa through the submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. (2) Ulcerative colitis is an inflammation of the mucosa of the colon and rectum, usually accompanied by rectal bleeding.

Colitis

Inflammation of the mucosa of the colon and rectum in which absorption of water and salts is reduced, producing watery, bloody feces and, in severe cases, dehydration and salt depletion. A type of IBS.

Pancreatitis

Inflammation of the pancreas, as may occur in association with alcohol abuse or chronic gallstones, is called __________. In a more severe condition known as acute ________, which is associated with heavy alcohol intake or biliary tract obstruction, the pancreatic cells may release an enzyme (trypsin) instead of trypsinogen or insufficient amounts of trypsin inhibitor, and the trypsin begins to digest the pancreatic cell

Hemorrhoids

Varicosed superior rectal veins in the upper rectum that develop when the veins are put under pressure and become engorged with blood. Bleeding or itching is usually the first symptom. ___________ may be caused by constipation, which may be brought on by low-fiber diets. Also called piles.

Periodonal disease

a collective term for a variety of conditions characterized by inflammation and degeneration of the gingivae (gums), alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum. In one such condition, called pyorrhea, initial symptoms include enlargement and inflammation of the soft tissue and bleeding of the gums. Without treatment, the soft tissue may deteriorate and the alveolar bone may be resorbed, causing loosening of the teeth and recession of the gums. ____________________ are often caused by poor oral hygiene; by local irritants, such as bacteria, impacted food, and cigarette smoke; or by a poor "bite.

Bariatric surgery

a surgical procedure that limits the amount of food that can be ingested and absorbed to bring about a significant weight loss in obese individuals. The most commonly performed type is called gastric bypass surgery. In one variation of this procedure, a small pouch about the size of a walnut is created at the top of the stomach. The pouch, which is only 5-10 percent of the stomach volume, is sealed off using surgical staples or a plastic band. The pouch is connected to the jejunum of the small intestine, thus bypassing the rest of the stomach and the duodenum. The result is that smaller amounts of food are ingested and fewer nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine. This leads to weight loss.

Colorectal cancer

among the deadliest of malignancies, ranking second to lung cancer in males and third after lung cancer and breast cancer in females. Genetics plays a very important role; an inherited predisposition contributes to more than half of all cases of ___________. Intake of alcohol and diets high in animal fat and protein are associated with increased risk of __________; dietary fiber, aspirin, calcium, and selenium may be protective. Signs and symptoms of _________ include diarrhea, constipation, cramping, abdominal pain, and rectal bleeding, either visible or occult. Precancerous growths on the mucosal surface, called polyps, also increase the risk of developing _____________. Screening includes testing for blood in the feces, digital rectal examination, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, and barium enema. Tumors may be removed endoscopically or surgicall

Peritonitis

an acute inflammation of the peritoneum, is contamination of the peritoneum by infectious microbes, which can result from accidental or surgical wounds in the abdominal wall, or from perforation or rupture of microbe‐containing abdominal organs. For example, if bacteria gain access to the peritoneal cavity through an intestinal perforation or rupture of the appendix, they can produce an acute, life‐threatening form of peritonitis. A less serious (but still painful) form of peritonitis can result from the rubbing together of inflamed peritoneal surfaces. The increased risk of peritonitis is of particular concern to those who rely on peritoneal dialysis, a procedure in which the peritoneum is used to filter the blood when the kidneys do not function properly

Hepatitis

an inflammation of the liver that can be caused by viruses, drugs, and chemicals, including alcohol. Clinically, several types of viral hepatitis are recognized. Hepatitis A (infectious hepatitis) is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) and is spread via fecal contamination of objects such as food, clothing, toys, and eating utensils (fecal-oral route). It is generally a mild disease of children and young adults characterized by loss of appetite, malaise, nausea, diarrhea, fever, and chills. Eventually, jaundice appears. This type of hepatitis does not cause lasting liver damage. Most people recover in 4 to 6 weeks. A vaccine is available. Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HRV) and is spread primarily by sexual contact and contaminated syringes and transfusion equipment. It can also be spread via saliva and tears. Hepatitis B virus can be present for years or even a lifetime, and it can produce cirrhosis and possibly cancer of the liver. Individuals who harbor the active hepatitis B virus also become carriers. A vaccine is available. Hepatitis C, caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), is clinically similar to hepatitis B. Hepatitis C can cause cirrhosis and possibly liver cancer. In developed nations, donated blood is screened for the presence of hepatitis B and C. Hepatitis D is caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV). It is transmitted like hepatitis B and in fact a person must have been co‐infected with hepatitis B before contracting hepatitis D. Hepatitis D results in severe liver damage and has a higher fatality rate than infection with hepatitis B virus alone. HBV vaccine is protective. Hepatitis E is caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV) and is spread like hepatitis A. Although it does not cause chronic liver disease, hepatitis E virus has a very high mortality rate among pregnant women. HAV vaccine is protective.

Mumps

attacks the parotid glands. _______ is an inflammation and enlargement of the parotid glands accompanied by moderate fever, malaise (general discomfort), and extreme pain in the throat, especially when swallowing sour foods or acidic juices. Swelling occurs on one or both sides of the face, just anterior to the ramus of the mandible. In about 30 percent of males past puberty, the testes may also become inflamed; sterility rarely occurs because testicular involvement is usually unilateral (one testis only). Since a vaccine became available for mumps in 1967, the incidence of the disease has declined dramatically.

Dental caries

or tooth decay, involves a gradual demineralization (softening) of the enamel and dentin. If untreated, microorganisms may invade the pulp, causing inflammation and infection, with subsequent death of the pulp and abscess of the alveolar bone surrounding the root's apex, requiring root canal therapy. ____________ begin when bacteria, acting on sugars, produce acids that demineralize the enamel. Dextran, a sticky polysaccharide produced from sucrose, causes the bacteria to stick to the teeth. Masses of bacterial cells, dextran, and other debris adhering to teeth constitute dental plaque (PLAK). Saliva cannot reach the tooth surface to buffer the acid because the plaque covers the teeth. Brushing the teeth after eating removes the plaque from flat surfaces before the bacteria can produce acids. Dentists also recommend that the plaque between the teeth be removed every 24 hours with dental floss

Gastroenteritis

the inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestine (especially the small intestine). It is usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection that may be acquired by contaminated food or water or by people in close contact. Symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, fever, loss of appetite, cramps, and abdominal discomfort

Colonoscopy

the visual examination of the lining of the colon using an elongated, flexible, fiber optic endoscope called a colonoscope. It is used to detect disorders such as polyps, cancer, and diverticulosis, to take tissue samples, and to remove small polyps. Most tumors of the large intestine occur in the rectum.

Pancreatic cancer

usually affects people over 50 years of age and occurs more frequently in males. Typically, there are few symptoms until the disorder reaches an advanced stage and often not until it has metastasized to other parts of the body such as the lymph nodes, liver, or lungs. The disease is nearly always fatal and is the fourth most common cause of death from cancer in the United States. Pancreatic cancer has been linked to fatty foods, high alcohol consumption, genetic factors, smoking, and chronic pancreatitis.