Latest ap euro quizlet for the exam- May 1, 2013

Himmler

led the SS, the protection squad, helped plan the assassination of Rohm with Hitler. Found the most effective way to kill the jews was by using Zyklon B.

Hitler's 3 goals

living space, rearmament, and economic recovery

Kellogg- Briand Pact

signed by 23 nations (Briand, French foreign minister) and Kellog (US sec of state) all renounced war

Leon Blum

socialist and new premier of the Popular Froont

Central Committee of the Communist Party

decided the questions of policy, international and domestic things

Second 5 year Plan

decreased # of foriegn imports, industrial development caused urbanization, paid for how you worked,

Why appeasement?

1) never want war again- cost of WWI was too high (cost of lives as well as the economic) entire generation lost- demographic (keep the aspidistra flying by george orwell) 2) older generation of politicians- timid and do not want to take risks 3) better the devil you know (Germany) than the devil you don't know (Russia) 4) western powers think that they came down on Germany too hard germany was not solely responsible. Germany and Russia should have participated in the treaty of versailles. Reparations were supposed to give them security but instead gave them the opposite.

balkans WWII disastors

1) they have the oil there in Caucasus 2) Metal 3) food

What was Spain in 1931?

democratic re[ublic

The First 5 year plan

1929-1937, two 5 year plan in that time, laid down the foundation of industrial society,

Third year plan

1938, industrialized more

Hitler Youth

82% of youth in this type of nazi organization, taught boys to have military values and nationalism

October Revolution

Came in November 1917. seizure of the Russian capital by the red guards, orchestrated by Lenin

Little Entente Nations

Czech, Romania, and Yugoslavia

I.G. Farben

German chemical plant, very successful, companies like this created trouble for smaller firms

Gustav Stressemann

German foreign minister, began to implement a policy with France and GB

Treaty of Rapallo

Germany and Russia, Germany needed an industry market and Russia needed loans, Russian markets were limited

Treaty of Locarno

Germany, France, UK, and Belgium promised never to go to war again even though Germany wanted to be a great power again, Germany never recovered the territory lost in poland again. Confirmed western borders of the Weimer republic. they never confirmed eastern europe (poland- did not follow the 'rules' of self determination).

Mussolini

Italian fascist dictator that came into power in 1920, first fascist ruler, attacked socialist as well as catholic parties. Used to work for il populo d'italia, refused to be junior minister. He monopolized politics, depressed free press, created a secret police force, and transformed socioecominc problems. Killed in 1943

Haile Selassie

Italy gained control of Ethiopia, under this emperor at the time

Pact of Steel

Italy was now bound to Germany militarily 1939

Brownshirts

SA follower's

The British union of fascists

Opposed: free trade liberalism and communism Mosley created a new model for economics and politics by making interests groups the represented in the new parliament and now the electorate attacked Jews and eastern emigres not well liked with GB's poorest working class, London's east end 20,000 members BUF outlawed in 1936 anti semitic rhetoric, parliamentary denunciation

Intelligentsia

Russia's educated class, exiled by the tsar for their political beliefs were now taking part in the revolutionary experiment

Haelwy Tariff Act

Us Congress, 1930, created tariff fortress against the agricultural and manufactured imports and tramper foreign producers

The National Government

a centrist nonpartisan coalition of Liberals, conservatives, and labourers (parties) that addressed the issues of high unemployment, growing government deficit, banking crisis, and flight of capital. members including Ramsay Macdonald, (prime minister) Stanley Baldwin, conservative with a background in iron and steel manufacturing

Falange

a fascist party in Spain that is allied with Franco

New Economic Policy (NEP)

a state planned economic policy in Russia between 1921 and 1928. Based on agricultural productivity, it required set payments from peasants and the surpluses could be sold on the market

roman question

after Italy was unified in 1860, the pope was deprived of territory in rome, this created several problems in the Italian governemtn

Lateran treaty and condocat

agreement with pope pius which gave him sovereignty over the Vatican city and around st. peter's basilica

Charles G. Dawes

american banker who devised a solution called the Dawes Plan that made to end inflation and restore economic prosperity in Germany by giving Germany a more realistic schedule or payments

Provisional Government

appointed by the Duma, one of the centers that replaced the tsar's abdication, progressive liberals, Lvov was the leader. Wanted constitutional and democratic rule

Squadristi

armedbands of fascists thug, attacked the political enemies of fascists (cathlics and socialists), destroyed private property, destroyed the printing presses of adversaries, and attacked rural adn urban populations.

Why did big business men and the lower middle class of germany feel cheated after the creation of the weimer republic?

big business men: resented trade unions and perceived trend toward socialism, lower middle class felt threatened by inflation, politically volatile group

Second Reich

bismarks german empire

Heinrich Bruning

centrist leader that attempted to override the weimer republic, opened the door to enemies of the republic instead

Leon Trotsky

commissionar of war, wanted a plan of militarization and labor, trade unions did not like his plan, wanted to share control over production.

Soviets

councils of workers in Russia formed after 1905 that became one center of power after the overthrow of the tsar; source of power of Lenin and Bolsheviks power and means of independent organization

Great Depression

devastation of global economy that begun in 1929 with the US stock market crash and lasted through the 1930's and caused world wide economic stagnation and depression. 1/4 people did not have jobs

Autarky

economic self-sufficiency, to produce everything that Germany consumed, hitler wanted this

Rohm

ed the SA (Storm troopers), assassinated by Himmler

SS Squad

elite nazi party with in the SA, black uniforms with crossbones

fascists and industrialists agreement

entered into an agreement that gave the industrialists privileged positions in return for their support

March on Rome

fascist takeover of Rome in 1922

Astride Briand and Austen Chamberlian

fashioned the series of teraties in Locarno with Gustav Streseman

Leni Riefenstahl

film maker, made Triumph of Will, a documentary of hitler and the new germany

Treaty of Riga

followed after Russia and Poland had border disputes in 1921 that gave poland most of what it wanted

Mosley

founder of BUF

Rome Berlin Axis

friendship pledge between germany and italy, italy turned to germany after GB and France did not approve of italy's behavior

George Grosz

german painter, expressionistic artist

German Volk

german people

Tsarina Alexandra

german princess who was in control of the government when tsar nicoloas was away commanding his troops. Scandal and charges of treason was everywhere in the royal court.

Ministry of propoganda

hitler created this, headed by Goebbels, swastika, manipulated emotions

Beer Hall Putsch

hitler's attempt to seize control of the munich municipal government in 1923, Hitler served 9 months in prison for this (even though he was supposed to serve 5) and started writing 'Mein Kampf, My struggle' there. Thrown in prison because he tried to initiate a national movement

Mein Kampf, My stuggle

hitler's autobiography

Third Reich

hitler's rule over germany

Hyperinflation

in germany, austria, hungary, poland, and Russia after WWI, currencies collapsed

Dottori

italian futurist artist

Nuremberg Laws of 1935,

jews were required to be identified, many were stripped of their citizenship, no longer allowed to marry non jews

Fasces

latin, bundle of rods with ax heads carried by the magistrates of the roman empire

Ulyanov / Lenin

leader of the Bolsheviks. Wanted to lead peasants into a socialist revolution against capitalists.

Franco

leader of the spanish army, tough, shrewd stubborn, conservative nationalist allied with the Falange, a fascist party in spain

General Women's Bureau

led by Klink, taught nazi women how to do their proper duty

Leon Trotsky (or bronstein)

man that was in charge of the military action in the october revolution. bolsheivik chairman of the petograd soviet used the red guards to seize politcal control.

Il Duce

means leader, Mussolini preferred name

First Reich

medieval germany

Bolsheviks

minority of the socialist democratic (Russian) (even though their name means majority) and dedicated themselves for a revolutionary upheaval, refused to work with the provisional government and decided to take over the petograd soviet in April 1917.

Mensheviks

moderate (means "minority") group were one of the two Russian social democrats, wanted to work through parliamentary institutions and cooperate with the Provisional Government

Spanish Popular front

more radical than france's version, property of the aristocrats was seized, revolutionary workers went on strike, catholic church and clergy were attacked Social revolution led to 3 years of civil war, republicans (popular front defenders) vs. Nationalists, (wanted to overthrow the Revolution) Nationalists: aristocratic landowner, church supporters, and the spanish army

Bukharin

most popular of the three. Wanted to have foreign investment, tax in cash, collective and large scale farming,

Duma

national parliament that was created as a result of the disruptions throughout Russia after bloody sunday

Nazism

national socialism, German cariant of facism

Kristallnatcht

night of the broken glass, jewish shop windows were smashed under the orders of Goebbells.

Lebensraum

one of hitler's 3 goals, "Living Room", wanted to extend the borders of Germany in Eastern and central Europe

SA, Storm Troopers

orchestrated violence and beat up political opponents using thug like tactics, 2.5 million members, (only 100,000 troops in the army)

Bloody Sunday

peaceful protest in January 1905 when the tsar's troops fired in front of Winder Palace killing and wounding civilians. Set of a revolutions. 1905 was the year that workers learned the power of independent organization

President von Hindenburg

president of the Weimer republic when hitler took over as chancellor. He was convinced that there was going to be a communist revolution and emergency laws (outlawed freedom of press, public meetings, approved the use of violence against political enemies) needed to be put in power. Allowed hitler to become a "legal dictator"

Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald

prime minister during GD of GB, unprepared to deal with the 1929 collapse

Lenin

proletarian democracy, supported unions, organized independently of state control

Fascism

rooted in mass politics of the late 19th century, a totalitarian political system that gloried the stare and subordinated the individual to the state's needs. First emerged in Italy after WWI, then germany, then france. Similar to socialism

Matteotti

socialist critic that was murdered by Mussolini's people changed the fate of italy because 150 socialists, liberals, and popular party deputies resigned out of fear that mussolini would kill them too

Popular Front

socialist government established in France and Spain in the 1930's, the French version failed to solve the Depression and was voted out of office, the creation of a socialist republic in spain initiated a civil war promised to increase wage paid vacations short lived policy, one month collective bargaining to French workers 40 hour work weeks this and vacations caused drop in productivity

Collectivization

soviet plan under stalin to create large communal state farms to replace private farms owned by peasants, established farms fun by the sate, state set prices, controlled distribution and selected crops, brutal process, millions died

Class enemies and show trials

stalin's opponents and enemies that were put on _______ which were used to torture his enemies in public and made them confess to crimes they did not do. this killed 300,000 people, 7 million in concentration plants

Women's battalion of death

summer 1917, Russian women were recruited to enlist in the army, it was supposed to shame men into fighting, 80% suffered casualties.

corporatism

system of economic self rule by interest groups promoted by paper by mussolini

Maginot Line

system of fortifications between Germany and France

Comitern

the Communist International, 37 countries, Social democrats and communists in this party, they were split

Politburo

the inner group of men (7) of the central committee party that were the most powerful. the most powerful of the 7: Leon Trotsky, Nikola Bukharin, and Joesph Stalin

Lvov

the leader of the provisional government

Weimer Republic

the new liberal and democratic government of Germany which was progressive; had voting rights for women, extensive civil liberties for citizens, republic was the worst off economically for a while, however the war was not fought in their territory

Aleksandr Kerenski

the only socialist in the Provisional government: minister of justice. Later named mministed in July , permitted the arming of the Red Guards. Contiuned to widen the chasm between uppper and lower and connflictted ith the demands of the soviet.

The Petrograd Soviets

the soviets was the other center of authority to take over. this one was one of the prominent of them. This and the provisional governments could not agree on anything and had duality in policies which caused a short lived and unstable regime.

Tsar Nicolas II

tsardom= autocracy. last tsar of Russia; saw the war as a distraction for the unrest in his country (WWI). Had to abdicate inn March 1917 because of the all the protest, mostly led by women.

Keynes

urged government spending to stimulate consumer demand, best way to shorten GD

Euthanasia

used to kill the mentally ill and disabled

Owen Young

was the chairman General Electric. Young wanted to lean 100,000 million dollars to germans

Kulaks

wealthy Russian peasants

battle of alamein

when Germany could have gone down into africa and go into india and GB territory but goes into Russia instead

Spring Revolution in Russia

women understand that the dire situation in Russia was caused by the government not being able to control distribution and ration limited supplies. March 8, 1917, 7,000 women protested the bread sitution, ut also wanted an end to the war and the end to Tsar Nicolas II's reign. Gained support of the workers