Latin America Sections 3-5
Officials sent from Spain They controlled political and economic life of the colony Look down upon other classes
Peninsulares (1)
The southern half of the kingdom with capital in Lima
Peru
Not yet independent
Peru and Ecuador
U.S made Cuba include the _____________________ in new Cuban constitution
Platt Amendment (Stated U.S. had right to intervene in Cuban affairs)
Cuba gained independence in
Spanish American War
U.S. gained control of
Puerto Rico, Guam & the Philippines
Haiti was the first
Independent nation in Latin America
Many missionaries were
Jesuits
By 1959, Castro had gained power. Declared Cuba a
Marxist (communist) state, which established a one party rule
People of Native Americans and European descent They were often majority of people and often made up the middle class
Mestizos
In the mid 1500's the Spanish empire stretched from
Mexico to Peru
People of mixed African and European descent Often made up the majority of people with Mestizos
Mulattoes
European nations battle with _________________ in Europe
Napoleon
Sent army to reclaim sugar plantations, in which the French captured L' Ouverture and imprisoned him in the Alps where he died in 1803. The French were degeated
Napoleon Bonaparte
Could marry, own property and but freedom The majority were also Christian
Slaves
Castro created a
Socialist nation
Missionaries tried to protect
Native Americans
Worked on the haciendas They often lived in their own villages on hacienda and spoke their own language The majority were Christians
Native Americans
In 1542 Spain passed the
New Laws of the Indies
The northern half of the kingdom with capital in Mexico city
New Spain
The land was distributed among
Nobles
Operation
ORTSAC (Castro spelled backwards)
Cuba took aid from the
Soviet Union
St. Archbishop
Oscar Romero
The U.S encouraged rebels in _________________ to revolt against Colombia Panama declared independence
Panama
President Teddy Roosevelt offered Colombia & $10 million for a stretch of land 10 miles wide
Panama Canal
Majority of Haitians were
slaves
In 1791 the slaves burned down _____________________ fields and killed hundreds of slave owners and thereby ignited a brutal civil war
sugar cane
An official who ruled in place of the king
viceroy
The leaders of the rebels, was a self educated former salve. By 1800, he and his rebels had driven all foreign powers out of Haiti
Toussaint L' Ouverture
Contras were backed by the
United States
Bolivar was originally from
Venezuela
Both were already independent
Venezuela and Colombia
Was elected President
Violetta Chamorro
The New Laws of the Indies reformed the
encomienda system
The New Laws of the Indies banned the
enslavement of the Native Americans (this inadvertently led to the Atlantic Slave Trade)
The Church had received huge land grants from the
kings of Spain & Portugal
Sandinistas were _____________ who wanted dramatic change
leftists
The missionaries combined
Aztec and Christian symbols
A Dominican priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans
Bartolome' de las Casas
-1961's U.S. attempt to overthrow Castro - The U.S. secretly trained Cuban exiles to invade and overthrow Castro - Castro heard of the plan and quickly defeated exiles
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Bolivar used bold military strategies to successfully in take over _____
Bogata
The largest & richest landowners in Latin America
Catholic Church
1970s-1980s
Civil War Leftists (Marxist) v. Right Wing v. Government
The conservative right
Contras
Bolivar was apart of what social class?
Creole
Had the most to gain if the Spanish rulers were not in power
Creoles
American born descendents of Spanish settlers but were of pure Spanish descent They did not get appointed to top jobs in the government or the Church because they were not born in Spain
Creols
U.S. backed
Cuba
October 1962 - The Soviet Union was given permission to build missile bases in Cuba - Missile ranger could reach the U.S. - U.S. response was to set up a naval blockade or quarantine, of Cuba - This brought the U.S. and the Soviet Union to the brink of nuclear war
Cuban Missile Crisis
Bolivar formed
Gran Colombia (which would end up unsuccessful)
January 1, 1804
Haiti declared independence
Overthrew government and seized power
Daniel Ortega nad Sandinistas
Were lord over a huge are Brought over colonists to settle their lands The haciendas grew: sugar cane, coffee, cotton
Donatarios
- A complete halt of trade - U.S. placed this on Cuba - Cuba turned further to Soviet Union for aid - 1990's collapse of the Soviet Union hurt Cuba's economy - 2015 - the U.S. restored political ties
Embargo
- Led fight for Mexicos independence - He announced that the rebels were fighting to end slavery and Indian tribute and planned the land to the Indians - He then lost the support of wealthy creoles - He was captured in 1811 and executed
Father Miguel Hidalgo
During the 1950s rebels were led by ____________________ gained support and led a guerilla war against Batista's government
Fidel Castro
Were freed slaves Some had brought their freedom, and some were freed by their owners They were laborers or skilled tradesmen
Free Blacks
Haiti was a _____ colony
French
The revolutionary ideas from the ________________________ prompted the revolt in Haiti
French Revolution
Took power in Cuba in 1934
Fulgencio Batista
In 1903, the U.S. is granted _______ mile wide canal zone to build Panama Canal
10
El Salvador had only _________________who held the best land, most was unused
14 families
In the 1530's the king of Portugal encouraged settlements and divided the colony into
15 regions
The missionaries used stories of saints to convert the
African slaves
In Nicaragua, rebels overthrew dictator
Anastasio Somoza
Joe de San Martin was originally from
Argentina
- He originally led the creole army against the rebels - He then flipped and joined forces with the rebels - He declared Mexico's independence in 1821 - He then declared himself emperor - In 1823 he is overthrown and Mexico is a republic
Agustin de Iturbide
The unifying force in Latin America
The Catholic Church