Latin Midterms
Genitive of quality/DESCRIPTION
(Remember what a noun of quality is: freedom, happiness, kindness, etc) indicates some internal or permanent characteristic or quality of person or thing. MUST be modified by adjective, e.g., vir magnae virtūtis; vir magnae prudentiae
endings: 1st declension: 2nd dec.: 3rd dec.: 4th dec.: 5th dec.:
1st declension: a, ae, ae, am, a, ae, arum, is, as, is 2nd dec.: us, i, o, um, o, i, orum, is os, is 3rd dec.: varies, is, i, em, e, es, um, ibus, es, ibus 4th dec.: us, us, ui, um, u, us, uum, ibus, us, ibus 5th dec.: es, ei, ei, em, e, es, erum, ebus, es, ebus
Nominative of Apposition
A nominative noun may simply be sitting beside another nominative noun, serving as a further description for that noun. The first noun might serve as the subject of the sentence, and the second noun is another name for the same person or thing. Ex: Mr. P, *the math teacher*
Identifying the key letter of a declension: A- o- u- e- i-
A- 1st o- 2nd u- 4th e- 5th i- 3rd
Predicate Nominative
Adjectives, adjective, pronouns, and participles that are after passive verbs and some neuter verbs are standing in the predicate position, when relating to the subject, and agree with it in case. The gender and number of such adjectives and nouns are sometimes different, but in most cases they are the same. A noun in the predicate, after a passive verb is put in the same case as the subject, when it denotes the same person or thing.
"Atalanta and Hippomenes" Story Summary (Unit 6):
Atalanta was faster than all the boys and prettier than all the girls. Apollo told her if she ever married she would be miserable because the Fates forbade it. She ran through the fields and forests to avoid her suitors. She told the suitors that anyone who beat her in a foot race could marry her, but those who lost would be killed. Hippomenes watched and criticized the many men who were dumb enough to race her. Upon seeing her unrobed, however, he decides to race her. Atalanta begins to feel bad and doesn't want him to die. Hippomenes prays to Venus who sends him three golden apples and instructions. He throws apples behind him as he races and Atalanta picks them up. Because Venus makes the apples heavy, Atalanta loses and they are led into marriage (which is inferred to be miserable). Moral: The gods had a huge influence on the people. This story shows their power not only in their curses, but in their gifts to those who pray to them for help.
what two cases always look the same?
Dative and Ablitive pl.
Genitive of the Whole
Genitive of the Whole - also called partitive genitive - denotes WHOLE of which something forms a part. pars urbis - part of the city (city = whole) nēmō amīcōrum - no one of my friends Certain neuter nominative and accusative pronouns introduce a genitive of the WHOLE nihil, aliquid, quid, satis, multum, parum, plūs, minus, paulum, tantum after mīlia the genitive of the whole is used quinque milia hominum NB To express the partitive/genitive of the whole idea with cardinal numbers and quīdam, use ē, ex or dē and the ablative, e.g., trēs ex amīcīs meīs ; centum ex virīs
what case ends in -um in every declension?
Genitive pl.
"Dido's Reply to Aeneas" Story Translation:
He is moving holding nothing? For a long time, I was sorrowful, I was crying because I wanted you to stay. You are going to Italy with the mandate of the gods. Thus, I say to you. I do not believe in you. But wickedly, you go! You seek Italy! I do not wish to hold you here. But one day, the gods will give a punishment to you. You will call my name and I will hear. Your reputation will come, because it will be in the region of Pluto (Hell), to me. Moral: Dido is mad at him for leaving against her wish. Therefore, she assures him that the gods will punish him and she will no longer care for him. This shows how self-centered she is.
"Aeneas Searches for Creusa" Story Translation:
I was fleeing from Troy with my father and brother. My wife Creusa was walking in the rear. I looked behind and my wife was not in that place anymore. Where was my wife? Now I was like a crazy man. I returned to the city. I was seeking my Creusa. I was calling her name sadly again and again. But I saw my wife in no place. Suddenly, I saw an image of my wife with my other eye. Dazed, the hairs of my head \stood. For a long time, I was not able to speak. Then, my wife said these words to me: "O sweet spouse, I do not wish you to indulge in your crazy sorrows. This had not happened without the divine will of the gods. To you they were long exiles. After many years, you will come to the land of the west (Italy). There, you will have a new kingdom and a new wife. I am happy. I will not go to Greece. I will not be a Greek slave. It is necessary for me to remain here. The great mother of the gods keeps/holds me in this place. Now goodbye! Serve with the love of the common brothers." Where she said these words, my wife departed into the breeze. I was tempted three times to put my arms around her new. She fled my hands in the shadows three times. Finally, I go back to my father and son and society. Moral: Sometimes it is better for both of them to be apart. Even though it is sad for them, Creusa needs to stay in Greece and Aeneas must go to Italy.
"A Trip to Capua" Story Summary (Unit 5):
Marcus, his parents, and his sister Cornelia decide to take a trip. They are going through Campania, where they have never been, to Capua. The slaves load their carriage so they can leave Rome early in the morning. They see chariots, two-wheeled carts, recliners, limousine carts, the slowest: wagons and the fastest: the sports chariot. They see country homes, fields, and Alba Longa, the birthplace of Romulus and Remus. They eat lunch in Lanuvium and arrive in Forum Appius at night. Later in the night, they reach Terracina. They enter an inn, which is near the seashore. The innkeeper serves them a meal and they talk about wanting to swim before going to sleep. They swim in the sea the next day, leave Terracina, and arrive in Capua by nightfall.
"Philemon and Baucis" Story Summary (Unit 2):
Once a place in Phrygia was habitable, but now it is not. All is because, one day the gods Jupiter and Mercury visited this place/ town in disguise. The gods knocked on many (1000) doors but they were all locked. Philemon and Baucis, however, let them in kindly in their HUT. Baucis asked the gods to rest and they prepared a humble meal for the gods. The couple talked to the guests, but neither of them recognized them to be gods. When the cups refill on their own accord, they recognized their divine guests and apologize for the simple meal, as they are poor. The gods thank them for their hospitality and ask the couple to follow them to the top of a mountain. Looking around, they see that all of the neighbouring houses are drowned in water except their own and cry about the fate of their friends. Slowly, their house transformed into a beautiful temple. The gods ask what Philemon and Baucis' wish is and they decide that they want 1) to be priests of the temple and 2) to die at the same hour. Their wishes are fulfilled and they each die on the steps of the temple together and turn into an oak tree (Philemon) and a linden tree (Baucis). Moral: Hospitality was valued in Rome. The moral is to be kind and welcome anyone into your house as if the were a god even if you have very little to give. If you do, you will be rewarded for your kindness.
"Aeneas Say Goodbye to Dido" Story Translation:
Queen, it is necessary for me to depart from your city. The gods ordered me to go to Italy. Also, Gryneus Apollo of Gryneus and the oracles of Lycia (a country of Asia Minor) want me to go. My father Anchises was warning me in my sleep. I saw the messenger of Jupiter himself and I his voice itself with my ears. Now, Dido, do not shout. Never was I promising to be your husband. But I always will hold you in memory. I do not go from Italy on my wish. Moral: He doesn't want to have to leave Greece, but he is doing it because he has been asked to by others/gods and he feels that it is his duty to go even if he has to leave others behind.
Impersonal verbs
Subject is "it", 3rd person singular verbs Licet- it is permitted Placet- it is pleasing Necesse est- it is necessary
Double Dative
The dative of reference and dative of purpose often appear together in a construction known as double dative.
Genitive of indefinite value
The neuter singular genitive of adjectives of quantity is used with verbs of valuing, estimating, regarding and the like to express indefinite value Usual verbs are: aestimāre, dūcere, facere, habēre, putāre common genitives are: magnī, permagnī, plūris, maximī, plūrimī, parvī, minoris, minimī, quantī, tantī
"Tarquinus and the Sibylline Books" Story Summary (Unit 3):
There is a record in the old annals about the Sibylline books: One day, an old lady approached king Tarquinus offering to sell him so-called divine oracles. The lady demanded lots of money and, because of her age, the old man laughed at her. The lady burned three books and offered the king the remaining six, but her laughed at her. Again, she burned three books and offered the remaining three for the original price. The man became more serious and bought the books. The woman was never seen again and the books were publicly consulted through history, in times of crises. Moral: The moral is to take everyone seriously. Had Tarquinus taken all the books, it would have been better for Rome, but he laughed at the woman and the Romans paid the price.
Alb. of Cause
This ablative explains the reason/cause for something, rather reasoning with something intellectual (NOT involving an instrument to complete, no prep) -- I rejoice because of our friendship
Alb. of means
This ablative has no preposition and indicates how something has been completed with assistance from a tool/instrument, NEVER indicating a person --- struck with an axe
Alb. of Agent
This ablative indicates BY WHOM something is completed, usually translated as "a,ab". NEVER referring to an instrument -- summoned by the consul
Alb. of accompaniment
This ablative is always used with a "cum" to state association with a person usually
Abl. of Respect
This ablative is essentially the ablative of means without an instrument or person, can be translated by "with respect to" --- older by/with respect to birth
Ablative of Degree of Difference
This ablative is used with a comparative adjective or adverb, this indicates how much better/greater something is to a degree --- much better
Alb. of Source
This ablative usually translated with "from" indicates the origin of something --- Aeneas born from Jupiter
Alb. of Separation
This ablative usually translates as "from" something as it indicates the parting relationship between certain things --- a country freed from Tyrants
Alb. TIme When
This indicates an exact time or section of the day (ALWAYS SINGULAR) ---- he will leave at the third hour
Alb. Time Within Which
This indicates time in terms of duration (PLURAL) --- within three days
"Horatti and Curiatii" Story Summary (Unit 7):
Two sets of triplet brothers, both of equal strength and age fought against each other so they could settle the argument without much blood. The Romans were called the Horatti and the Albans were called the Curiatii. The triplets were to fight each other until death, and the winners would have permanent sway over the other. The war began, and two romans fell and died, and all the Curiatii were wounded. The three Curiatii were still alive, and they surrounded the one roman that was left. However, Horatius was unharmed from the battle. His method of fighting was to divide the battle and flee, and then make attacks. Horiatus kills two Curiatii, and now there is one person on each side remaining. Horatius easily killed the last Curiatii remaining as he received great praise and joy from the Romans. Each the triplets were buried where they fell, as each the armies returned home. Moral: Never give up, even if you are at a disadvantage. There were 3 Curiatii and 1 Horatti and the Horatti won because Horiatus didn't give up.
Genitive of Indefinite Price
Used only with verbs of buying and selling, e.g., emō, emere; vendō, vendere;cōnstō, constāre quantī constat? How much does it cost? quantī ....ēmistī? At how much did you buy...? minimī hoc vēndit. He sells it very cheaply. nōn est tantī. It is not worth all that.
"Deucalion and Phyrrha" Story Summary (Unit 1):
When Saturn ruled, the human race was good and dutiful; the people feared the gods and there were no wars. But, slowly, the human race got worse and wars began. This made Jupiter (son of Saturn) mad so he called the gods to a meeting. He explained that he wanted to punish the humans with water. He sent many days of rain and soon everything was a sea. Many were killed by the rain and others died of hunger. Nine days later, when the rain had stopped, the dutiful couple Deucalion and Phyrrha were still alive. They find no other humans nearby so they hurry to a nearby temple. They asked the gods for help at the temple and an oracle told them to leave and throw their great grandmother's bones over their shoulders. Deucalion realizes first that the great mother is mother Earth and the bones are rocks. They began to throw rocks and they turned into people who re-inhabited the Earth. Moral: Romans valued their gods and believed they were to be dutiful to them. They thought they would be punished for not being dutiful and rewarded if they obeyed the gods.
The passive of verbs denoting. (a.) To name or call; as,
appellor (I was called) dicor( to be said, considered, named) nominor( to be nominated) vocor( to be called)
Certain neuter verbs, denoting position or motion
cado: to fall, eo: to go, evado: to escape, existo: to exist, come forward, fugio: to run, flee, incido: to occur, iaceo: to lay down, maneo: to remain, sedeo: to sit, sto: to stand
Nouns of the Thrid declension genders
can be F, M, or N
To choose, render, or constitute/decide; as,
constituor(to be decided), creor( to be created, declaror(to be decleared), designor(to be designated/appointed), eligor(to be chosen), fio(to be made),
Dative with special verbs
credo, impero, noceo, persuadeo, resisto...
To esteem or reckon(believed/thought); as,
credor(to be belived), existimor(to be estimated), habeor(to esteem), judicor(to be judged, reckoned), putor(to be thought), videor(to seem).
Gen. of Possessive
denotes ownership - use 's s' or of cōnsulis nōmen- the consul's name or the name of the consul valvae templī - the doors of the temple
Objective genitive
depends on a noun of verbal meaning and is used as the object of the verbal idea. It is sometimes translated as for. EXAMPLES: amor laudis, love of praise (=amat laudem, he loves praise) cupiditās pecūniae, desire for money (= cupit pecūniam, he longs for money) metus mortis, fear of death (=metuit mortem, he fears death) spēs salūtis, hope for safety (=spērat salūtem, he hopes for safety) femīna erat dux factī, a woman was the leader of the deed (=dūxit factum)
Subjective genitive
depends on a noun of verbal meaning and is used as the subject of the verbal idea. adventus Caesaris - the arrival of Caesar (Caesar arrives) mora exercitus - The delay of the army (The army delays)
Acc. duration of time
duas horas dormivit, he slept for two hours
Acc. of extent of space
duo pedes line longa, a line two feet long
Place Where
expressed by in + abl. case (e.g. in culina) towns and small islands are put in the Locative Case (see above) --- he lives in Italy
Place From Which
expressed by the Ablative Case (e.g. e culina - out of the kitchen) towns and small islands do not require the use of a preposition Roma exeunt - They are leaving from Rome. Domo proficiscitur - He sets out from home.
Place To Which
expressed by the Accusative Case (e.g. ad culinam - to the kitchen) towns and small islands do not require the use of a preposition Romam petunt - They head for Rome. Delum revenit - He returns to Delos.
Names of cities, towns, and countries; islands, plants and trees, and most abstract qualities gender
feminine
Names of mountains, months, winds, and rivers gender
generally masculine
Genitive with certain adjectives
indicating desire, memory, knowledge, skill, power, fullness often translates with preposition other than of. perītus bellī - skilled in war immemor meī - unmindful of me amantissimus nostrī - most affectionate toward us
Subject Nominative
most common use serves as the subject of a sentence, or the doer of the action.
Locative
shows location, but it appears only for the names of cities and towns, small islands, domus(home), rus(the countryside), humus (the ground), militiae(in the military service) The locative of domus is domi(at home), of rus is ruri(in the country), and of humus is humi(on the ground). 1st and 2nd Declension- same ending as Genitive in SINGULAR All other declensions and Plural of 1st and second= same as Ablative
Dative of Reference
shows to whom or for whose sake something is done
Dative with some adjectives
some adjectives take the dative: aequus equal, amicus friendly, benignus kind, carus dear, finitimus nearest, idoneus suitable, inimicus unfriendly, gratus pleasing, similis like/similar, dissimilis unlike, proximus nearest
Dative with compound verbs
some: infero, occuro, praesum, praefacio, prosum
Genitive of material
tells the material of which something is made valvae aurī = doors of gold
Alb. of Manner
this ablative is always with "cum" and expresses how something is done, NEVER indicating a person --- with great honor
Alb. of comparison
this uses a comparative adjective to compare something, not indicating a degree -- richer than Crassus
Dative of Purpose
used to show what role something fulfills, or what purpose it serves
Vocative case
used when addressing someone by name, has endings exactly like the nominative except for second declension nouns: -us becomes -e -ius becomes -i (when ending a proper name or filius).
Dative of possession
used with verbs of being: this had this
Dative: indirect object
uses giving, showing or telling verbs
First and Fifth declension gender
usually feminine
Acc. subject of indirect statement
usually has the word 'that' infront of it I know that Marcus is here
Secound and Forth declension gender
usually masculine
