LER 202 Exam 1
Trends of 2050
- Population will be older, whites will decrease, blacks/asians/hispanic proportion increase, talent shortage will increase
Organizational Behavior is the study of___
-Human behavior in organizational settings -The interface between human behavior and the organization -The organization itself
Continuance commitment
A belief that leaving the job poses unacceptable costs or risks; employee stays because she feels she has to
Experiential Learning
A desire for hands-on approaches to instruction
Normative commitment
A feeling of moral or ethical obligation to the organization; employee stays because she believes it would be wrong to leave
long-term orientation
A focus on the future, working on projects that have a distant payoff, persistence, and thrift versus an orientation toward the past and the present including respect for traditions and social obligations
What is the variety of similarities and differences among people called?
Diversity
general self-efficacy
Confidence in one's ability to be successful
Intention:
a component of an attitude that guides a person's behavior
Attitudes
a person's complexes of beliefs and feelings about specific ideas, situations, other people
culture
a set of shared values that help people in a group, organization, or society understand which actions are acceptable
Self-Esteem
Feelings of self-worth and liking or disliking oneself
When someone's performance improves because they're being watched this is called ___ effect?
Hawthorne
After WW1 attention shifted to understanding the role of ___ in organizations?
Human factors
The ___ variable in an experiment is predicted to affect something else.
Independent
Human Relations Movement
Inspired by the Hawthorne effect; viewed organizations as cooperative systems and treated workers' values&feelings as important
Assimilators
Learn by abstract conceptualization and reflective observation; more concerned about abstract concepts and logical soundness than about people and practical values; suited to research units
Accommodators
Learn by active experimentation and concrete experience; focus on risk taking, opportunity seeking, and action; deal with people easily; suited to action-oriented jobs such as marketing and sales
Divergers
Learn by concrete experience and reflective observation; superior in generating alternate hypotheses and ideas; tend to be imaginative and people or feeling-oriented
___ is behavior directed at gaining power and controlling the behavior of others:
Machiavellianism
Which of the following is one of the specific perspectives of organizational behavior?
People as resource
Affective commitment
Positive emotional attachment to the organization, its values, and its goals; employee stays because she wants to
What is a generalization based on a person based on certain characteristics?
Prejudice
Which of the following is an example of distress?
Pressure to perform
the universal model
Presumes a direct cause-and-effect linkage between variables Complexities of human behavior and organizational settings make universal conclusions virtually impossible
Projection
Seeing one's own characteristics in others
separation diversity
differences in position or opinion
Managers with a low tolerance for ambiguity tend to be more ___ with their staff and don't empower them to make their own decisions at work:
directive
___ is NOT one of the seven universal emotions
confusion
Research has found that ___ people tend to be higher performers in variety of job
conscientious
___ depend on abstract conceptualization and active experimentation in order to learn
converges
When a large-scale layoff is announced in Bill's company, all the workers including Bill begin to complain. According to attribution theory, we would evaluate Bill's behavior as exhibiting___
high consensus
Outsourcing
hiring other firms to do work previously performed by the organization itself
Inputs
human, material, financial, information
Organizations pursuing a differentiation strategy try to develop a ___ competitive advantage?
innovation
The ___ component of an attitude reflects how an individual expect to behave toward or in a situation
intention
Which of gardeners multiple intelligences refers to self-awareness
intrapersonal
Burnout ____
is more frequently found among high achievers
variety diversity
knowledge, functional background
Convergers
learn by active experimentation and abstract conceptualization; superior in technical tasks, inferior in interpersonal settings
__ is how much ben generally considered himself responsible for what happens to him:
locus of control
accommodators would be good at____
marketing and sales
Because Tammi is generally pessimistic and sees things in a negative light she has higher:
negative affectivity
All of the following are considered cultural dimensions except___
open mindedness
prejudice
outright bigotry or intolerance for other groups
In the past, Karson photography studios directly hired and managed its own custodial staff. Now, Karson contracts this work to a cleaning company. This is an example of ___
outsourcing
like me bias
people prefer to associate with others they perceive to be like themselves
Ethics
person's beliefs about what constitutes right and wrong behavior
Affect:
person's feelings toward something
The four managerial functions are____
planning, organizing, leading, and controlling
Someone with a high level of uncertainty avoidance____
prefers unambiguous situations
surface-level diversity
race, gender, age
Situational Perceptive
recognizes that most organizational situations and outcomes are influenced by other variables
Terminal:
reflect long-term life goals such as prosperity, happiness, and a sense of accomplishment
Instrumental:
reflect preferred means of achieving terminal values and preferred ways of behaving
Traditional vs secular-rational values:
reflects the contrast between societies in which religion is very important and those in which it is not
Survival vs self-expression values:
reflects the contrast between societies that emphasize economic and physical security and those that emphasize subjective well-being, self-expression, and quality of life
Extrinsic
relate to the outcomes of doing work
Intrinsic:
relate to the work itself
Assimilators would be good at___
research unit
OB Relies on
scientific method
___ is how we screen out info that we are uncomfortable with:
selective perception
John believes that he can sell 10 cars each month. This belief reflects john's:
self-efficacy
What kind of people are detailed oriented and want facts:
sensing
The culture of US has more of a ___ orientation than that of Japan or Germany
short term
A moderate degree of workload-related stress can___
stimulate energy and motivation
Cost leadership
striving to be the lowest-cost producer for a particular level of product quality
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is useful for___
team building and helps employees understand their own and other's communication styles and interaction preferences
Transformation
technology (including manufacturing, operations, and service)
conceptual skills
the ability to think in the abstract
Cognitive dissonance:
the anxiety a person experiences when her behavior contradicts her attitudes or when she simultaneously holds two contradictory attitudes
Authoritarianism
the belief that power and status differences are appropriate within hierarchical social systems such as organizations
General mental ability:
the capacity to rapidly and fluidly acquire, process, and apply information
strategic execution
the degree to which managers and their employees understand and carry out the actions needed to achieve strategic goals
locus of control
the extent to which a person believes her circumstances are a function of her own actions or external factors beyond her control
power distance
the extent to which people accept as normal an unequal distribution of power
person-job fit
the extent to which the contributions made by the individual match the inducements offered by the organization
person-vocation fit
the fit between a person's interests, abilities and a profession
Differentiation
Developing a product or service that has unique characteristics
What is a type of surface-level diversity?
Ethnicity
Contrast effect
Evaluating someone by comparing them with recently-encountered people
Observational Learning
A preference for external stimuli such as demonstrations and diagrams
Collectivism
A tight social framework in which people tend to base their identities on
Which can be meaningfully assessed at the individual and organizational levels?
Absenteeism
Discovery Learning
An inclination for exploration during learning
Spatial visual intelligence is most important for whom?
Artists
Scientific Management
Before WW1; productivity increased; monotonous and dehumanizing
Machiavellianism
Behavior directed at gaining power and control of others
A firm dependent on continuous innovation would like seek researchers with a ___ mindset?
Entrepreneurial
Halo effect
Forming a general impression of something or someone based on a single characteristic
The most significant source of change impacting many organizations today is increasing?
Globalization
Which of the following is a component of deep-level diversity?
Goals and skills
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of valuing and effectively managing diversity?
Greater homogeneity of ideas
interpersonal skills
Skills used to communicate with, understand, and motivate individuals and groups
A successful business strategy is grounded in a competitive advantage that is?
Sustainable
diagnostic skills
The ability to understand cause-and-effect relationships and to recognize the optimal solutions to problems
Tolerance for Risk (Risk Propensity)
The degree to which a person is willing to take chances and make risky decisions
person-group fit
The extent to which an individual fits with the workgroup's and supervisor's work styles, skills, and goals
Masculinity
The extent to which the dominant values in a society emphasize aggressiveness and the acquisition of money and other possessions as opposed to concern for people and overall quality of life
First impression bias
The inability to let go of first impressions, particularly negative ones
Corporate Governance
The oversight of a public corporation by its board of directors
Categorization
The tendency to put things into groups and then exaggerate the similarities within and the differences among the groups
Tolerance for Ambiguity
The tendency to view ambiguous situations as either threatening or desirable
Which proposes there's one best way that will work for any company?
The universal perspective
Which of the following best describes the role of circumstances in assessing individual differences?
Whether specific differences that characterize a person are good or bad depends on circumstances
All of the following are direct organizational consequences of stress except
accident proneness
The___ component of an attitude is derived from feelings about another person or situation
affect
Systems Perspective
an interrelated set of elements that function as whole-- underscores the importance of an organizations enviornment
Competitive advantage
an organization's edge over rivals in attracting customers and defending itself against competition
disparity diversity
authority, pay, status
Understanding OB and developing your OB skills will help you ___
be a better manager
Ethnocentrism
belief that one's own language, country, and culture are superior to all others
stereotype
beliefs about groups and individuals based on the idea that all group members are the same
Social Responsibility
businesses living and working together for the common good and valuing human dignity
An example of an intrinsic work value is___
challenging work
If you are happy with your job because of the pay, this is a ___ component of your attitude
cognition
What occurs when there is incongruence among two different attitudes
cognitive dissonance
growth
company expansion organically or through acquisitions
Managers goal for managing effectiveness:
enhance behaviors& attitudes, promote citizenship, minimize dysfunctional behavior, drive strategic execution
Social skills:
effectively handling emotions of others
All of the following are inputs an organization receives from its environment EXCEPT:
employee behaviors
psychological contract
employee's overall set of expectations
Interactional fairness:
encompasses both interpersonal and informational fairness
Individualism
extent that people in a culture define themselves primarily as individuals
uncertainty avoidance
extent to which a culture is uncomfortable with things that are ambiguous or unknown
Tasks demands that are too low can cause a person to ___
feel bored
person-organization fit
fit between an individual's values, beliefs, attitudes, and personality and the values, norms, and culture of the organization
Interactionalism perspective
focuses on how individuals and situations interact continuously to determine individuals' behavior--- attempts to explain how people select, interpret, and change carious situations
specialization
focusing on a narrow market segment or niche
__ is the capacity to rapidly and fluidly acquire, process, and apply information
general mental ability
deep-level diversity
goals, skills
Cognition:
the knowledge a person presumes to have about something
Information processing capacity
the manner in which individuals process and organize information
Interpersonal fairness
the perceived degree to which people are treated with respect by those who execute procedures or determine outcomes
Informational fairness:
the perceived extent to which employees receive adequate explanations about decisions affecting their working lives
Distributive fairness:
the perceived fairness of the outcome received
Procedural fairness:
the perceived fairness of the procedures used to generate the outcome
offshoring
the practice of outsourcing to foreign countries to lower labor costs
Outputs
the products, services, profits, losses, employee behaviors, new information
Technical skills
the skills necessary to accomplish specific tasks within the organization
Affectivity:
the tendency to experience a particular mood or to react to things with certain emotions
Diversity
the variety of observable and unobservable similarities and differences among people
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) identifies
three stages of response to a stressor: alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Understanding and addressing the business environment has traditionally been the purview of____
top managers
Because pat is impatient, competitive, ambitious and uptight she is likely to be
type A