Lesson 10: 19.9-19.14

All of the following occur in response to hemorrhage:

Decrease in blood volume Increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart Mobilization of the venous reserve Peripheral vascoConstruction

Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure (4)

Reduced thirst Decreased peripheral resistance Decrease in blood vokune Increased levels of ANP

Describe the respiratory pump

The respiratory pump is a mechanism by which a reduction of pressure in the thoracic cavity during inhalation assists venous return to the heart.

In comparing a trained athlete to a non-athlete, which of these comparisons is false?

both hearts weigh about the same

What effect does an increase in the respiratory rate have on CO2 levels?

decreases CO2 levels

The fetal dorsal aorta later forms the adult

descending aorta

Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure

increased levels of angiotensin II increased blood volumes increased levels of aldosterone increased levels of ADH

Venoconstriction ________ the amount of blood within the venous system, which ________ the volume in the arterial and capillary systems.

reduces; increases

Vasculogenesis refers to

the formation of the first vessels.

Angiogenesis refers to

the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels.

Describe the roles of natriuretic peptides.

trigger responses whose combined effects are to decrease blood volume and decrease blood pressure.

What are blood islands, and from which cells do they form?

Aggregations of embryonic cells scattered within the yolk sac that fork blood vessels and blood cells.

Paul has a horrible chainsaw accident and cuts several major blood vessels in his head and neck. As a result of this injury, you would expect to observe all of the following:

An increased total peripheral resistance An increased secretion if renin by the kidneys An increased heart rate Cold, clammy skin

Describe autoregulation as it relates to cardiovascular function.

Autoregulation involves local factors changing the pattern of blood flow within capillary beds in response to chemical changes in interstitial fluids.

Name the immediate and long-term problems related to the cardiovascular response to hemorrhaging.

The immediate problem during hemorrhaging is the maintenance of adequate blood pressure and peripheral blood flow; the long-term problem is the restoration of normal blood volume.

Define tissue perfusion

Tissue perfusion is blood flow to tissues sufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients.

Where are chemoreceptors that detect changes in carbon dioxide, oxygen, or pH levels in blood and cerebrospinal fluid located?

Within the medulla oblongata and in the carotid and aortic bodies.

Identify the hormones responsible for short term regulation of decreasing blood pressure and blood volume.

epinephrine and norepinephrine