LifeSpan Chapter 5

Garret can climb up stairs, walk backwards, and run. He can't jump, or walk up and down stairs. How old is Garret likely to be? 10 months 12 months 14 months 8 months

14 months

During toddlerhood __________. there seems to be no preference for play partners; they play equally with whatever children are present friendships seem to have many of the same features of friendships at other ages those who know each other well usually engage in solitary play rather than other forms of play children are not yet capable of engaging in simple social play or cooperative pretend play

friendships seem to have many of the same features of friendships at other ages

When children can identify themselves and others as either male or female they have developed __________. gender expectations gender stereotypes gender identity custom complexes

gender identity

About what percentage of 2- to 4-year-olds in the United States have their own tablets? 45% 10% 25% 70%

45%

Which of the following is an example of overextension? A child saying "The sun is smiling at me." A child saying, "Mommy goed to the store." A child calling all men "Dada." A child saying, "Mommy gone!"

A child calling all men "Dada."

Marcel was diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder at the age of 3. Which behavior would you be most likely to see if you observed him in his day care classroom? A tendency to interrupt others until they look at him and include him in the conversation A preoccupation with staring at faces because that is what most interests him A preoccupation with talking to adults A preoccupation with repetitive movements

A preoccupation with repetitive movements

Which of the following was not a finding that inspired John Bowlby's writings on attachment? Lorenz's findings about imprinting Harlow's findings about rhesus monkeys Ainsworth's findings about the Strange Situation Spitz's findings about institutionalized infants

Ainsworth's findings about the Strange Situation

Which of the following variables has been shown to be correlated with the timing of toilet training in the United States? Number of children in the family Location of the toilet within the house Marital status of the primary caregiver Education level of the parents

Education level of the parents

S. was playing in a group of children and showed pride in his ability to fit the right shape piece into the container. This display of pride would most likely be discouraged by parents in __________. the United States China New Zealand Germany

China

Which of the following statements about gender is true? Gender development has a biological basis, as well as an environmental basis. Before toddlerhood, it is only in Western cultures that people communicate gender expectations to boys and girls. In the early years, it is mainly siblings who convey cultural gender messages. The changes in women's levels of aggression over the past century demonstrate the difference that culture can have on the raw materials of biology.

Gender development has a biological basis, as well as an environmental basis.

Which of the following is a sociomoral emotion? Fear Happiness Anger Guilt

Guilt

Last week, your neighbors told you that their 18-month-old son has been sleeping through the night for the past two months. They were very happy about this new development and were looking forward to many more months of a good night's sleep. This week, however, they say their son has started waking up at night and has been pretty fussy during the day. What is the likely reason for this waking and fussing? His increased activity makes it harder for him to slow down and soothe himself. His molars are coming in, and he is teething. He is going through a growth spurt. He has been drinking too much before bedtime.

His molars are coming in, and he is teething.

Which of the following best describes attachment across cultures? Insecure-resistant attachment is the most common classification in all cultures because many children find the Strange Situation to be very stressful. Children from the United States and Japan tend to be classified the same way in studies employing the Strange Situation. In all cultures, infants and toddlers develop attachments to the people around them who provide loving, protective care. Autonomy and independence are encouraged from an early age across cultures.

In all cultures, infants and toddlers develop attachments to the people around them who provide loving, protective care.

Which of the following statements about the typical cultural patterns of mothers and fathers and their infants is true? In most cultures male and female gender roles have been blurred. In about half of all cultures, fathers play a central role in the care of infants and toddlers. Fathers in traditional cultures are often included in the birth process In nearly all cultures, mothers play a central role in the care of infants and toddlers.

In nearly all cultures, mothers play a central role in the care of infants and toddlers.

__________ is a condition specific to toddlerhood in which protein deficiencies lead to varied symptoms such as swollen bellies and feet, hair loss, and lack of energy. Iodine deficiency Kwashiorkor Synaptic pruning Wernicke's syndrome

Kwashiorkor

What language did the babies that Frederick II, the Holy Roman Emperor, ordered to be exposed to no language end up speaking "naturally"? Each child spoke a made-up language that no one else understood The children spoke a made-up language among themselves that only they understood None Italian

None

Josh is a toddler who lives in Canada. His father would most likely be observed in which of the following activities with him? Bathing him Teaching him to read Playing with him Feeding him

Playing with him

Which emotion doesn't appear until toddlerhood? Happiness Fear Pride Anger

Pride

Which of the following statements about Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is true? The rates of ASD in the United States are inconsistent with rates across Asia. The causes of ASD are well-known. Rates of ASD have increased in recent decades in developed countries. ASD is usually diagnosed in adolescence.

Rates of ASD have increased in recent decades in developed countries.

Nona was in a serious car accident and suffered damage to her Broca's area. Which of the following is likely to result? She will show no emotion. She will have difficulty producing speech. She will no longer be able to form short-term memories. She will have difficulty with speech comprehension.

She will have difficulty producing speech.

Which statement best represents sleep during toddlerhood? Sleeping alone is rare in traditional cultures. The increased sense of self results in most toddlers wanting to sleep alone. Children sleep consistently through the night. Increased activity results in children sleeping more than they did in infancy.

Sleeping alone is rare in traditional cultures

You have been trying to toilet train your son, but you are not having much luck. Based on the research, what is most likely to be holding up the process? Some children simply take months or potentially years to become fully toilet trained. Most females learn to potty train in a week, but almost all boys take several months. There must be a physical difficulty that will require a medical exam. You are not rewarding him consistently enough when he shows interest.

Some children simply take months or potentially years to become fully toilet trained.

Which of the following best describes Morton, a toddler who is considered to have an insecure-resistant attachment based on the Strange Situation test? The toddler is very interactive with the mother when she is present and shows no response when she departs. The toddler seems dazed and detached when the mother leaves the room and remains fearful upon her return. The toddler usually cries upon separation, but when the mother returns he greets her happily and begins to smile. The toddler is less likely than others to explore the room and is ambivalent upon the mother's return

The toddler is less likely than others to explore the room and is ambivalent upon the mother's return

You are interested in weaning your toddler. Why is it more of a challenge to wean a toddler than an infant? The toddler is more socially aware and has a greater capacity to exercise intentional behavior. Breast feeding a toddler is more socially acceptable in many cultures. The toddler has developed teeth and might unconsciously resist with negative biting behaviors. Toddlers are naturally opposed to anything their parents want them to do.

The toddler is more socially aware and has a greater capacity to exercise intentional behavior.

The __________ is the portion of the left temporal lobe of the human brain that is specialized for language comprehension. frontal lobe hippocampus Wernicke's area Broca's area

Wernicke's area

Joaquin was thirsty, so he looked at his mother and pointed to the glass on the counter and said, "juice." This is an example of __________. underextension fast mapping overregularization a holophrase

a holophrase

In Western cultures __________. most children show signs of readiness for toilet training by their first birthday children are toilet trained in a nearly identical way as their counterparts in traditional cultures a sign of being ready to begin toilet training is when the child can stay "dry" for an hour or two during the day views about toilet training have stayed the same over the last several decades

a sign of being ready to begin toilet training is when the child can stay "dry" for an hour or two during the day

Secure attachment is characterized by __________. the child acting both relieved and angry at the caregiver after seeing her again after separation the child not crying when the mother leaves the room because she or he knows she will return a willingness of the child to use the caregiver as a secure base to explore the environment the child looking to the mother for approval of gender appropriate behavior

a willingness of the child to use the caregiver as a secure base to explore the environment

Nandranie is a toddler from a traditional culture; she would likely __________. still be breast feeding at age 5 be abruptly weaned at age 1 be given formula instead of breast milk have experienced some customary practice for being weaned

be abruptly weaned at age 1

Eighteen-month-old Omar likes to separate his building blocks from his action figures when he dumps his toys out on his floor. This is an example of __________. deferred imitation imitation cultural context categorization

categorization

When it comes to attachment, __________. studies using the Strange Situation have found no differences in attachment status among children from the United States and Japan children develop an internal working model of what to expect about their mother's availability and supportiveness in times of need based on how sensitive and responsive she was over the first year of life studies involving multiple cultures have found that insecure-avoidant attachment is the most common classification Ainsworth's early research found that the majority of toddlers had insecure-resistant attachments to their mothers

children develop an internal working model of what to expect about their mother's availability and supportiveness in times of need based on how sensitive and responsive she was over the first year of life

Two-year-old Becca has just returned home after visiting her aunt who just had a baby. Becca was playing with her toys and then picked up her baby doll and began to "feed" her with a bottle, just like she saw her aunt do. This is an example of __________. mental representation categorization deferred imitation reflexes

deferred imitation

Research has shown that __________. in the United States, language development occurs at the same rate across children from different socioeconomic statuses maternal responsiveness to American children's vocalizations has no impact on when children reach language milestones language development is dependent upon the environment rather than genes or biology direct stimulation of language development is discouraged in some cultures

direct stimulation of language development is discouraged in some cultures

In elementary and secondary school Brice showed problems, such as hostility and cognitive deficits. Later on in college he was diagnosed with various types of psychopathology. Based on the research he most likely had a/an __________ attachment classification. difficult insecure-avoidant insecure-resistant disorganized-disoriented

disorganized-disoriented

A device that uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen use in the brain is the __________. EKG fMRI CT scan EEG

fMRI

Among the Fulani people of West Africa, toddlers are sent to their __________ household during weaning. older sibling's father's aunt's grandmother's

grandmother's

Studies have shown that better deferred imitation among toddlers than among infants may be due principally to advances in the maturity of the brain. Specifically, the __________ is still in a highly immature state of development during infancy but matures substantially during toddlerhood. frontal cortex hippocampus brain stem amygdala

hippocampus

Shareef's actions are voluntary and purposeful. He is able to think about possible actions and then select the one that most likely will help him achieve a desired outcome. According to Piaget, he is demonstrating __________. categorization imitation mental representation reflexes

mental representation

Even at age 5, about __________ of children occasionally fail to control urination and defecation, usually at night. one fifth one tenth one fourth one third

one fourth

According to Vygotsky, ________ is the self-guiding and self-directing comments that children make to themselves. guided participation private speech the zone of proximal development scaffolding

private speech

According to the World Health Organization, about one fourth of children worldwide have diets deficient in __________. protein vitamin E calcium vitamin B

protein

Gender identity __________. refers to the ability of children to identify themselves as male or female develops around age 5 develops much more quickly in females than males refers to the biological status of being male or female

refers to the ability of children to identify themselves as male or female

Toddlers by 12 months generally can __________. copy a circle draw a straight line brush their own teeth scribble vigorously

scribble vigorously

Researchers secretly dabbed a red spot on the nose of babies of different ages and then placed them in front of a mirror. They were testing __________. self-reflection self-recognition short-term memory gender identity

self-recognition

The capacity of toddlers to think about themselves as they would about other persons and objects is __________. self-reflection sex roles stranger anxiety gender identity

self-reflection

What kind of play involves talking to each other, smiling, and giving and receiving toys? cooperative pretend play simple social play solitary play parallel play

simple social play

A toddler generally __________. takes 2-3 naps a day sleeps consistently throughout the night sleeps more than an infant sleeps less than an infant and has more of a night-sleeping, day-waking arousal schedule

sleeps less than an infant and has more of a night-sleeping, day-waking arousal schedule

According to Vygotsky, __________ is required for cognitive development. a good genetic background a strong caregiver-child attachment social interaction formal education

social interaction

Research has shown that __________. children are only able to learn to model aggressive behaviors during toddlerhood because prosocial behaviors require more advanced cognitive development the displacement effect is no longer considered a problem because of all the media options available the effects of television and other media depend on the content in the United States it is rare to have a TV in a young child's room

the effects of television and other media depend on the content

When it comes to learning language, the most significant difference between apes and humans is __________. the faster pace of humans' sign language the inability of apes to make requests the inability of apes to learn motor movements and signs from humans the inability of apes to generate word symbols in an infinite number of ways

the inability of apes to generate word symbols in an infinite number of ways

What most distinguishes early brain development in toddlerhood is __________. the steep increase in the density of synaptic connections among neurons the production of new brain cells, most notably in the temporal lobe increased activity in the amygdala the formation of the cerebral cortex

the steep increase in the density of synaptic connections among neurons

Research on sibling relationships during the toddler years has found that __________. they tend to have a positive reaction to the birth of a younger sibling in developed countries, but not in traditional cultures, toddlers have attachments to their siblings only in individualistic cultures is conflict more common with siblings than in any other relationship throughout childhood and adolescence toddlers' attachments to their siblings in traditional cultures tend to be secondary attachments rather than primary attachments

toddlers' attachments to their siblings in traditional cultures tend to be secondary attachments rather than primary attachments

Tomas thinks that the word bear refers solely to his stuffed animal. This is an example of __________. underextension a holophrase fast mapping overextension

underextension

In traditional cultures such as Uganda, _________ can be a major event in the lives of toddlers and it may have an influence on the security of attachment. learning to walk being away from siblings who are working or at school beginning to eat solid food weaning

weaning

According to Vygotsky, children learn best if the instruction they are provided is __________. a good fit with their learning style developed by an educational specialist within the zone of proximal development concrete in nature

within the zone of proximal development