Lifespan exam 3 powerpoint notes
conflict in adolescence because of sophisticated reasoning of adolescents leads them to view parental rules in more complex ways; example
"do it because i told you to do it" doesn't cut it
a typical 6 year old conversation
-Yonnie: My dad drives a FedEx truck -max: my sister's name is Molly -Yonnie: He gets up really early in the morning -Max: She wet her bed last night.
symptoms of ADHD
-inattentive, distractible -hyperactive/impulsive
Selman's stages of friendship: stage 3 description
-respect friends' needs for dependency and autonomy -"good friends support you. But you also need to know when to give them space"
obese means a BMI at or above
95%
stages of sexual maturation
adrenarche, gonadarche
piaget believed that adolescents fully settle into formal operations at about 15 but...
only 40-60% of college students and adults achieve formal operations
diagnostic criteria (from DSM-V) for bulimia
recurrent episodes of binge eating characterized by: Eating an abnormally large amount of food in an inappropriately short period of time A sense of lack of control over eating during the episode -recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain -the binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaivors both occur at least once a week for 3 months -self-evlauation is is unduly influenced by body shape and weight -contributors for both disorders
what are the individual influences on children
sex, age, health
pansexual
sexual identity and sexual orientation term similar to "bisexual" but more inclusive or transgender people
mensturation is the primary sign of __________
sexual maturity
production of sperm is the principle sign of ______ in boys
sexual maturity
in middle childhood _____ and _____ ____ of short-term memory (working memory) improves
speed; storage capacity
puberty in boys: age 13
spemarche occurs
community Olweus Bullying prevention program components
spread anti-bullying messages and principles in community
ethnic groups differ in how much experience they have taking _______
standardized tests
deductive reasoning
starts with a general premise about a class and applies it to particular members of the class
white matter increases...
steadily with age
Sterberg's Theory of Successful intelligence
the ability to achieve success in life in terms of one's personal standards, within one's sociocultural context -one's ability to achieve success depends on one's capitalzing on one's strengths and compensating for one's weaknesses -triarchic theory-successful intelligence -intelligence defined in part by out cultural context
fluid intelligence
the ability to form concepts, reason abstractly, and apply material to new situations. Raw processing speed, mental quickness, abstrat reasoning. Used to solve problems we have never seen before
class inclusion
the ability to undertand the relationship between a whole and its parts
passive voice example
the dog was walked by its owner
principle of identity
the liquid is the same even with different shape
seriation example
time, length, color
Selman's stages of friendship: stage 2 name and age
two-way fair weather cooperation; ages 6-12
transgender
umbrella term that incorporates differences in gender identity, wehere assigned biological sex doesn't match a person's felt identity
transitive inferences
understanding the relationship between 2 objects by knowing the relationship of each to a third object
amidst the COVID 19 pandemic claims for intentional self-harm
up 3345
need for calcium in puberty
without adequate calcium, bones may not develop fully, risk later in life for osteoporosis
In the US new STIs total nearly ______ in direct medical costs
$16 billion
treatment for depressed teens
-60%- no treatment -2% medication only -17.9% combination -20% health professional only
children and youth at highest risk of being bullied
-LGBT and transgender students -students who are overwieght -students who are immigrants and/or have minority religious status -students with disabilities, health impairments
an 11 year old conversation
-Mia: I don't know what to get claire for her birthday -Josh: I'm getting her earrings -Mia: She already has a lot of jewelry -Josh: I don;t think she has that much
Common intelligence tests
-Stanford-Binet V: the current (2003) version of Binet's test -the Wechsler Intelligence scale for children, 4th edition -Kaufman Assessment Battery for children, 2nd edition
adolescence as a social construction
-adolescence isn't a clearly defined physical or biological category -how it is defined and described has changed over time; differs across culture and socioeconomic setting
psychosocial factors for bulimia
-adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), negative self-esteem, mood or anxiety disorders -over concern about one's body and weight (boys: muscles), dieting -internalizing the thin body image that is often thought to be ideal in Western cultures
prevention and intervention of antisocial behavior
-an effective "cure" is simply getting older -early childhood intervention programs reduce deliquency rates -intervention focused on troubled teens and preventing gang recruitment
triarchic theory-successful intelligence is achieved through a balance of:
-analytical intelligence -creative intelligence -practical intelligence
types of depressants adolescents use
-anesthetics -analgesics -over the counter pain relievers -opiods -hypnotics: alcohol
early puberty in girls increases risk of
-anxiety, depression, eating disorders, attempted suicide -risky behaivor: smoking, drinking, substance abuse, antisocial behavior, early pregnancy -being bullied, sexually harassed by peers
Selman's stages of friendship: stage 0 description
-based on material on physical attributes -"he's my friend because he has power rangers" -"she's my friend because she has brown hair like me"
academic self-efficacy beliefs
-belief that one can master schoolwork and regulate one's own learning -those with high self-efficacy are more likely to succeed in school than those with low self-efficacy
environmental factors on the timing of puberty
-better nutrition -increased body fat in girls -exposure to toxins (endocrine-disrupting chemicals, cigarette smoke) -emposure to electronic devices
dating relationships in adolescence
-by high school, ⅔ of US teens have had a romantic relationship in previous 1 ½ years -romantic relationships become more common throughout adolescence and change with age -racial and ethnic differences in the age ad frequency of dating
types of stimulants adolescents use
-caffine -nicotine
what's different about the brain of a child with ADHD?
-challenges in how brain releases and reloads neurotransmitters (dopamine & noradrenaline) -delay in development of prefrontal cortex (affecting executive function)
Friendships in middle childhood
-children choose friends who are like them -gender differences in friendships -long-lasting vs brief friendships -benefits from good friendships -risks of friendships
early puberty in boys increases
-competitive advantage in sports -increased risk for substance use, conduct and behavioral disorders
late puberty in boys increases
-competitive disadvantage in sports, leadership and dating -poorer social and coping skills -increased feelings of inadequacy -increased likelihood of being bullied
family atmosphere
-control to coregulation -poverty -maternal employment
piaget initally believed his stages were universal across all cultures, but...
-culture matters -less likely to use formal operations if have little formal education, live in isolated societies with little technology
risk factors for obesity in adolescence
-decreased physical activity (less and less with age0 -fast foods (more prevalent in poor families) -sedentary activities
challenges of blended families for children:
-disruption of routine and established family relationships -role ambiguity -adjustment for most is relatively smooth; easier for younger children -living in a single parent family
do's and don'ts of divorce
-do explain reasons for the divorce to children -do reassure them of your love and coninued involement -don't compete for the child, criticize the ex.. -don't ask children to mediate disputes -don't ask them to choose sides, expect them to be the adult...
Selman's stages of friendship: stage 1 description
-does what the child wants the friend to do -"she's not my friend because she wouldn't play dolls with me"
outcomes of obesity in adolescence
-dramatic increases in hypertension, diabetes, cardiac disease -social risks (rejection, bullying) -have an 80% chance of becoming obese adults
immune-like responses to male fetuses in the womb on sexual orientation
-each older biological brother increases chances of homosexuality in younger brother by 33% -male babies with lower birth weight are more likely to later identify as gay
comprehensive sexual education programs
-encourage abstinence but discuss pregnancy prevention and contraception -decrease in frequency of activity and # partners, increase contraceptive use -have contributed to reductions in teen pregnancy
children and youth who bully others are more likely than their peers to:
-exhibit antisocial or deliquent behaviors (fighting, stealing, vandalism) -dislike school and drop out of school -drink alcohol and smoke cigarettes -carry a weapon -think about and attempt suicide
What puts adolescents at risk for depression?
-female -anxiety -stressful life events -chronic illnesses -parent-child conflict -abuse or neglect -alcohol and drug use -having a parent with a history of depression
Erikson's Psychosocial theory
-focused on mastery of information in school, making a place in social worlds -success-> feelings of mastery and competence (industry) -difficulties-> failure and inadequacy (inferiority)
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
-focused on what is unique, distinctive about oneself -success-> identity shows fidelity to loved ones, friends, values, belief, religion -difficulties-> role confusion -adolescence- identity vs role confusion
nature of friendships in early adolescence
-friend groups often change -intimacy with same-sex friends increases -peer influence pearks (12-13 years) -more likely to behave recklessly with peers present (even if not pressuring); biological influences
a child with a learning disability:
-has difficulty mastering an academic subject -is of normal intelligence -must not struggle due to some other condition (e.g. poor instruction, sensory deficits)
cultural biases in IQ tests may yield:
-higher scores for economically advantaged european americans -lower scores for economically disadvantaged children from other ethic groups
benefits from good friendships in middle childhood
-higher self-esteem -less likely to be lonely or depressed -act more pro-socially -cope better with stresses
Marcia's Identity statuses
-identity-status interviews: status based on presence or absence of crisis and commitment -crisis= process of exploring/grappling with what to believe or who to be -commitment = personal investment in beliefs or occupation -Had a crisis with commitment present: achievement -had a crisis with commitment absent: moratorium -did not have a crisis with commitment present: foreclosure -did not have a crisis with commitment absent: diffusion
prenatal environmental influences on sexual orientation
-immune-like responses to male fetuses in the womb -prenatal hormone exposure
negative short and long-term effects of divorce on children:
-internalizing and externalizing problems; initiate sexual activity ealier -more likely to experience negative marriage attitudes, marital problems, and to divorce -less life satisfaction; more depression as adults
Selman's stages of friendship: stage 2 description
-involves give-and-take but serves self-interests -"we both like to play video games"
late puberty in girls increases risk of
-lack of evidence of internalizing or externalizing problems
bullying others is related to:
-later criminal and antisocial behavior -later sexual harassment perpetration among middle school students
behavior problems with adoption are more common when
-likelier if child was older at adoption -related to pre-adoption care quality
Gardner's 8 types of multiple intelligence
-linguistic -logical-mathematical -spatial -musical -bodily-kinesthetic -intrapersonal -interpersonal -naturalistic
nature of friendships in adolescence
-more reciprocal, equal, and stable -rely more on friends than parents for intimacy and support -increased intimacy of adolescent friendships reflects cognitive development (e.g. can consider others' views) and emotional maturity
effects of divorce on children:
-most show good adjustment, eventually -wide variability, depending on child's age, maturity, gender, temperament, adjustment before divorce; custody arrangement, parents relationship
children fare best with divorce when:
-neither parent experiences psychological problems -parents get along with each other -parents stay involved -parents parent effectively
Challenges to the Health and Well-being of adolescents
-nutrition and weight challenges -depression -drug use -accidents
individual Olweus Bullying prevention program components
-on-the-spot intervention when bullying occurs -meet with students involved; parents -individual intervention plans for involved students
children have greater IQ scores when:
-parents talk frequently to their children -provide cognitive challenging materials -expose children to stimulating experiences outside the home -interventions help children in poverty
motor vehicle crashed are higher for 16-19 year olds than any other age group because of
-peer influences on driving -alcohol -distracted driving -low use of seat belts
dating violence forms
-physical violence -emotional violence -sexual violence -stalking
adrenarche
-pituitary gland signals adrenal glands to secrete more androgens -over time, influences growth of pubic, underarm, and facial hair; faster body growth, oilier skin, and body odor
Physical maturation in adolescence
-puberty consists of 2 changes that mark the change from childhood to young adulthood: -dramatic increases in height, weight, and changes in body's fat and muscle content -changes in the reproductive organs that mark sexual maturity and in secondary seucal characteristics
dyslexia
-reading achievement is substancially lower than predicted by age or IQ -challenges with phonological awareness, breaking down words into constituent parts
recent evaluation of the OBPP findings
-reductions in self-reports of being bullied and bullying others for almost all grades; for boys and girls -2,000 students escaped being bullied; 2000 fewer bullied others -increases in empathy with bullied peers -decreases in willingness to join in bullying -increases in perceptions that teachers had addressed bullying -stronger effects, the longer the program was in place
diagnostic criteria (from DSM-V) for anorexia nervosa
-refusal to maintain body weight at or above minimally normal weight for age and height -intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat -disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evlaution, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight
risks of friendships in middle childhood
-reinforce each other's aggressiveness and risky behaviors
IQ test scores have been shown to predict:
-school grades, achievement test scores, and years of education -occupational success
behavioral alternatives for ADHD
-self-regulation -organizational skills -social skills
self concept
-sense of self; total picture of abilities and traits -take into account their own AND others' views -see different aspects of the self simultaneously -see themselves from a psychological perspective; abstract traits
treatment for eating disorders
-stabilize the weight (anorexia) -individual, group, family therapy -antidepressant drugs
criticisms of Kohlberg's model
-study of 72 boys in chicago -male and egocentric -not as consistent in non-western cultures -Carol Gillian noted gender bias in his work -proposed that moral reasoning of girls/women is guided by caring and maintaining welfare of others, while boys/men emphasize abstract principles of justice
identity in adolescence
-the nature of self-concept and self-esteem in adolescence -perspectives on identity formation -Erikson's Psychosocial Theory -Marcia's View of Identity -Ethnic and Racial Identity
school-wide Olweus Bullying prevention program components
-train team and all staff -administer te olweus bullying questionnaire -introduce school rules against bullying
causes of intellectual disability
-unknown (30-50%) -heredity (Tay-Sachs disease) -chromosomal abnormalities (down syndrome) -traumatic accidents -prenatal exposure to infection or alcohol -environmental expsure to lead or mercury
empathy for bullied students
-vast majority feel sorry for the bullied students -more girls feel sorry for the bullied students -more younger students feel sorry for the bullied students
role ambiguity for children in blended families
-what are my responsibilities? -How do I behave toward stepparents and stepsiblings? -with which parent do i spend thanksgiving
Reading stages: stage 0- age
0-1st grade
at a given point in time, ______ of young women and ____ of young men suffer from anorexia nervosa
0.3-0.4%; 0.1%
_______ adolescents reports emotional, physical, or sexual dating violence in the last year
1 in 4
in the US _______ people have an STi (68 million in 2018)
1 in 5
globally, _______ STIs are acquired each day; half by teens and young adults
1 million
____ of students are bullied through cyberbullying
1%
intellectual disabilities affect ____ of US children; ____ of people worldwide
1%; 10%
bulimia prevalence
1-2%
Olweus Bullying prevention program principles:
1. Adults must show warmth, positive interest, and involvement 2. Set firm limits for unacceptable behavior 3. Consistently use supportive, predictable consequences 4. Adults as positive role models
Kohlberg stages of moral development: pre conventional- description
1. Punishment and obedience orientation obeys to avoid punishment 2. Instrumental orientation: obey to receive rewards -'you can't steal if you'll go to jail"
how many head injuries per year among children in the US? hospitalizations?
1.5 million; 300,000
_____ of adolescents have binge eating disorder; more common in adulthood
1.6%
arrest in 2019 nearly ___ committed by <30
1/2
youth under gge 15 and females each accounted for about _____ of juvenile arrests in 2019
1/3
success rate for anorexia treatment
10% die; less than half who surcice make a complete recovery
oppositional defiant disorder begins before age...
12
____ of students were bullied by others
12%
in 2019, _____ had experienced physical or sexual dating violence in the last year
12%
depression increases from ages ____
12-17
identification of most youth as lesbian, gay, and bisexual takes place between ______
12-17
parent-child conflict highest at ____
13
____ of students are bullied by exclusion
14%
____ increase among 10-14 year olds from 2007-2014
143%
juvenile delinquency peaks at _____
15-16
half of all STIs in _____ year olds
15-24
_____ of all children in the US live in a blended family
16%
motor vehicle crashed are higher for ______ year olds than any other age group
16-19
____ of students were directly involved in bullying
17%
2014, _____ of the US population lived in households with multiple generations (up from ____ 5 years earlier)
19%; 17%
adolescence was not classified as a separate stage of life until the ____
1900s
________ babies are born to teen mothers annually
194,000
In the US pregnancy rates are at lowest points since ______ for 24 and younger; very steep decline for older teens
1980
pregnancy in SC is among the highest in the country in ______
1988
Reading stages: stage 1- age
1st-2nd grade
____ of youth bullied others and were bullied by others
2%
_____ of children live with an adoptive parent
2%
depression is highest among adolescents with ____ ethnicities
2+
in middle childhood children grow ____ a year
2-3 inches
____ million US children and adolescents have an LGBT parent
2-3.7
arrest in 2019 about _____ by <40
2/3
_____ of children ages 6-11 are obese
20%
On average, bullying prevention programs reduced bullying others by ____; reduced victimization by ____
20%; 16%
______ of high school students had used e-cigarettes in the past 30 days (down from _____ in 2019)
20%; 28%
Kohlberg stages of moral development: post conventional- age
20+
______ of adolescent boys and ______ of girls have at least one same-sex sexual encounter
20-25%; 10%
what is the IQ scores of severe intellectual disability?
20-35
______ children are raised by same-sex parents
200,000
legalization of gay marriage took place in ______
2015
IQ scores increased during the _____
20th century
______ of teens are obese
21%
marijuana use by HS students in the past 30 days: _____
22%
in 2020, _____ of high schoolers have used a tobacco produce in the previous 30 days
24%
fathers: ______ less likely to graduate from HS
25-30%
_____ of children live in a one-parent family; increased ____ since 1960
26%; 340%
in 2019 among high school students: -_____ drank some alcohol in the last 30 days -____ binge drank -____ drove after drinking -_____ rode with a driver who had been drinking
29%; 14%; 5%; 17%
Reading stages: stage 2- age
2nd-3rd grades
____ of youth bullied others
3%
Kohlberg stages of moral development: conventional- description
3. Good-child orientation: conforms to rules to avoid disapproval -"if you steal, everyone will treat you like a criminal" 4. Law and order orientation: conforms to rules to maintain social order -"stealing may feel right in the moment, but you'll live to regret breaking the law"
____ of children (____ million) have diagnosed depression
3.2%; 1.9
success rate for bulimia treatment
30-50% success from cognitive behavioral therapy
what is the IQ scores of moderate intellectual disability?
35-50
lifetime use of marijuana by HS students (2-19): ______
37%
in 2019, ______ of high school students had ever had sex (decreases over time)
38%
boys diagnosed with ADHD outnumber girls _______
3:1
dyslexia is ____ of ____ children's learning disabilities
4 of 5
Kohlberg stages of moral development: pre conventional age
4-10
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder affects _____ of children in the US
4-12%
____ million adolescents had a major depressive episode in 2020
4.1
_____ of girls aged 9-10 are trying to lose weight
40%
______ of married couples divorce; divorce rate peaked in ______
40-50%; 1980
genes influence ______ of variation in antisocial behavior in a population
40-56%
Reading stages: stage 3: age
4th-8th graders
_____ of middle school students had used e-cigarettes in the past 30 days (down from _____ in 2019)
5%; 11%
earning disabilities diagnosed in about _____ of U.S. school age children (______ million)
5%; 2.4
_____ of people have moderate intellectual disability
5-10%
developmental dyscalculia (matematical disability) affects _____ of children
5-10%
in middle childhood boys and girls gain ____ pounds a year
5-7
Kohlberg stages of moral development: post-conventional- description
5. Morality of contract, individual rights, and democratically accepted law -laws must develop over time to reflect social principles. "You can't let an outdated law prevent you from doing what's right" 6. Morality of individual principles and conscience -believes in and follows self-chosen universal ethical principles. "You'll blame yourself if your wife dies because you obeyed an imperfect law"
mothers: _____ earn a HS diploma, ____ GED (90% of peers)
50%; 30%
what is the IQ scores of mild intellectual disability?
50-70
rates of obesity have increased by _____ since the 1970s
500%
median of _____ of homosexual approval around the world
52%
in 2020, ______ of teens (13-17) were up-to-date on HPV vaccination; ____ had received first dose
59%; 75%
___ year olds have vocabularies of 8000-14000 words
6
____ of 6-11 year olds have had a concussion
6%
piaget's middle childhood age
6-12
of teen pregnancies, ______ have their babies (2-3% adoption); ______ abort; _____ miscarriage or stillbirth
61%; 24%; 16%
____ of students are bullied verbally
63%
_____ of teens had poor diets in 2016
67%
juvenile delinquency after falling ____ since 2006, the number of juvenile arrests reached a new low in 2019
67%
arrest in 2019 _____ committed by youth <18
7%
____ of children (___million) have diagnosed anxiety
7.1%; 4.4
____ of children aged 3-17 years (_____ million) have a diagnosed behavior problem
7.4%; 4.5
______ of american adults say homosexuality should be accepted by society
72%
______ of teen pregnancies are unintended
75%
______ of high school females are heterosexual
77%
peak in gray matter in areas that control movement and muscle tone at ___ for girls and ___ for boys
7; 10
____ of students are bullied through rumors
8%
______ of teens have received formal sexual education
80%
research shows that most, ____, of adolescents have positive relations
80%;
_____ of people have mild intellectual disability
85-90%
by age ______ children have a vocabulary of another 5000 words
9-11
about half of the girls aged _____ are dissatisfied with weight
9-12
______ of high school males are heterosexual
91%
at the start of adolescence, the brain is _____ of adult size and weight
95%
Lauren Steinberg came up with
Age of Opportunity
order of ethnicity IQ scores
Asian Americans > European Americans > Hispanic Americans > African Americans
most common eating disorder in the US
Binge eating disorder (BED)
self-efficacy question
Can I master this?
self esteem question
Do I like myself?
leading cause of cervical cancer in women is from _____; rates have dropped since _____ arrived
HPV; vaccine
conflict in adolescence because of different definitions of an rationales for appropriate and inappropriate conduct; example
How do each view multiple ear piercings?
The developing sense of self- 10 year old
I'm funny, kind. I'm pretty good at piano but not so good at math
The developing sense of self- preschooler:
I'm tall for my age and i can tun fast
there is _____ evidence that differences between racial, cultural or ethnic groups are hereditary
NO
low of 7% homosexual approval in _______
Nigeria
negative effects with single parents appear to be driven by lower ____ and _____ in single parent families
SES; family instability
high of 94% homosexual approval in ______
Sweeden
self concept question
Who am I?
ethnic and racial identity
a feeling of belonging and learning the special customs and traditions of a minority group's culture and heritage
what influences academic achievement
a level of proficiency in scholastic work in general or in a specific skill, such as arithmetic or reading
asexual
a person who does not experience sexual attraction or has little interest in sexual activity
David Elkind's perspective on adolescent egocentrism
a state of self-absorption in which the world is viewed from one's own point of view
G Stanley Hall says adolescence is
a turbulent time of 'storm and stress' charged with conflict and mood swings
what is the leading cause of death in school aged children?
accidental injuries
antisocial behavior
actions that harm or lack consideration for the well-being of others; that violates the basic rights of another person
adaptive functioning
activities of daily life such as communication and independent living
marijuana use might have permanent effects on the developing brain when use begins in ________, especially with regular/heavy use
adolescence
individuation:
adolescents' struggle for autonomy (independence and a sense of control over their lives) and personal identity
_______ children's IQ cores are more similar to those of their _______ parents than those of their ______ parents
adopted; biological; adoptive
indirect effects of socioeconomic status on academic achievement
affect on family engagement, expectations of parents
Kohlberg stages of moral development: conventional- age
after 10
taking action to stop bullying -decreases in helping with _____
age
secular trend influences on the timing of puberty
age of attaining adult height and weight and sexual maturity has shifted down in US, Western Europe, Japan
in middle childhood, children choose friends who are like them in these ways:
age, sex, activity level, interests
instrumental aggression
aimed at achieving an objective (getting a toy from a friend); declines after preschool
adolescence
an age of challenge and opportunity
crystallized intelligence
an individual's accumulated knowledge base and experience. What we know from education, experience, culture. Used when we try to solve problems we have seen before
concrete answer: are there more dogs or animals? (by 7 or 8)
animals
juvenile delinquency
antisocial behavior by a juvenile (<18) that violates the law
spatial intelligence
architecture, city planning, pilots
bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
athletics, dancing, surgery
what are the macrosystem influences on children
attitudes and ideologies of the culture
Selman's stages of friendship: stage 3 name and age
autonomous interdependence; age 12+
degree of ________ depends upon family, culture (earlier in many Western vs Asian societies) and gender (may be earlier for boys)
autonomy
______ can reverse 6 digits
beginning of adolescence
developmental changes individuation:
beginning of adolescence: parent-child relationship in asymmetrical; much less so by the end of adolescence
late onset of antisocial behavior
begins after puberty, temporary, commit minor offenses
early onset of antisocial behavior
begins by age 11 and continues; <5% of youth; accounts for most adolescent criminal activity
what is the IQ scores of profound intellectual disability?
below 20
what factors influence adolescents to engage in (or refrain from) antisocial behavior?
biological, environmental
menarche begins earlier in _______ and ____ girls
black; hispanic
a conductor is to an orchestra as a teacher is to what
book, school, class, eraser
_____ are more likely than ____ to have learning disabilities
boys; girls
______ are more likely to bully than girls
boys; girls
obesity is more common among _____, especially ...
boys; hispanic boys and African American girls
psychometrics
branch of psychology involved in the quantitative measurement of psychological variables
fine motor skills in middle childhood
by 11 can manipulate objects with adult-like skill; because of increased levels of myelin
seriation
can arrange objects in a series along one or more dimensions
principle of reversibility
can picture what happens if reverse
concrete operational period specific advances
categorization, inductive and deductive reasoning, conservation
Kohlberg's theory of moral development
changes in peoples' sense of justice and what is right and wrong, and in behavior related to moral issues
conflict in adolescence because of individualization because
children act on autonomy sooner than parents think thdy should
Reading stages: stage 4: description
children read and process information that reflects many points of view
concrete operational period advances
children use mental operations to solve concrete problems
peer acceptance effects on academic achievement
children who are disliked and bullied have poor academic performance
school climate influences on academic achievement
children's attachment/bonding to school matters
bacterial STIs
chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis
nature of friendships in late adolescence
cliques and crowds are less influential
gray matter
closely packed neurons in the cerebral cortex
when single families are stable (grow up with same parent as at birth), children fare as well on _____ and _____ outcomes
cognitive; health
culture may encourage problem-solving through ______ vs _______
collaboration; excelling as individuals
school engagement influences on academic achievement
communication with teachers, participating in school activities
Paige's middle childhood description
concrete operations
some adopted children are more prone to ______ and _______
conduct disorders; school adjustment problems
self-efficacy
confidence in one's ability to complete a task or achieve a goal
piaget's middle childhood cognitive milestone
conservation
intrapersonal intelligence
counseling, spritual leadership
test scores a child's adaptation to a particular _______: this may not be the child's dominant ______
cultural context; culture
most parents intellectually understand that this shift is normal and healthy; _________ realities may be difficult
day-to-day
what accounts for ability to solve conservation problems?
decentering: can look at more than one aspect at once
In SC pregnancy there is a steady _____ from 1988 to 2005; and then from 2007 to today
decline
steady ________ in abortion rate and birth rate; small hiccup in the mid-2000s
decline
birth and abortion rates have _______ among teens (15-19) and birth rate is at its lowest point since data was first collected (1940)
declined
death rates for adolescents _______ until 2013
declined
rates of current and binge drinking among high school students have _______ in recent decades
declined
from 2011 to 2020, current (past 20 day) cigarette smoking _____ among middle and high school students
decreased
aggression _____ (overall) and changes in middle childhood
decreases
generation gap
deep divide between parents and adolescents in attitudes, values, aspirations, and worldviews
internalizing problems with bullying
depression, anxiety, panic disorder, self-harm, suicidal thoughts and attempts
effects of dating violence:
depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts; more likely to use tobacco, drugs, and alcohol
why are there differences in ethnicity IQ scores
differences are impacted by socioeconomic status (SES) but IQ test score differences persist after accounting for SES differences
impaired reading comprehension
difficulty linking words in a sentence to create coherent meaning
phinney examined four ethnic identity statuses:
diffused, foreclosed, moratorium, achieved
multigenerational families have potential for conflict, especially if the layers of adults ______
discipline children differently
learning disability
disorders that interfere with specific aspects of learning and school achievement
preoperational answer: are there more dogs or animals?
dogs
youth mental health difficulties during the COVID 19 pandemic has likely _____
doubled
common learning disabilities
dyslexia, impaired reading comprehension, developmental dyscalculia (matematical disability)
intellectual functioning
e.g. learning, problems solving, judgemeng
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
each has a unique developmental history and is regulated by distinct brain regions; intelligence in one area doesn't predict high intelligence in others
gross motor skills in middle childhood
early adult-like skills; almost no differences between boys and girls
intellectual disability begins in ____
early development
children are 2-3x more likely to be bullied in _____ school than ____ school
elementary; high
children of homosexual parents are no more likely to have ______, _____, _____, or _____ problems than children living with heterosexual parents
emotional; social; academic; behavioral
phonic (code emphasis) approach to teaching reading:
emphasizes decoding of unfamiliar words
whole-language approach to teaching reading:
emphasizes visual retrieval and use of contextual cues
studies show differences in IQ scores among ______ groups
ethnic
parents and teens tend to disagree on:
everyday matters (chores, schoolwork, curfews) and personal taste (music, clothes, friends)
peer influences on antisocial behavior
exposure to antisocial peers increases likelihood; prosocial peers decrease likelihood
neighborhood factors influences on antisocial behavior
exposure to community violence; collective efficacy (strength of social connections)
direct effects of socioeconomic status on academic achievement
exposure to toxins, unhealthy foods, stress, gray matter in frontal lobe
what are the microsystem influences on children
family, health services, church group, neighborhood play area, peers, school
naturalistic intelligence
farming, cooking, gardening
major depressive episode
feeling so sad or hopeless for 2+ weeks that they stopped doing normal activities
in 2019 _______ high school students were more likely to drink alcohol and binge drink than _______
female; males
neglected children
few nominations
what are the 2 forms of intelligence
fluid and crystalized
as parents see teen's arguments as reasonable and that they can be trusted with more _____, they encourage more independence and conflict _______
freedom; declines
what are the exosystem influences on children
friends of family, mass media, neighbors, legal services, social welfare services
in adolescence brain systems responsible for self-control, _______ are not fully specialized until adulthood
frontal cortex
children of homosexual parents are no more likely to be confused about ____
gender
viral STIs
genital herpes, HPV, hepatitis B, HIV
depression is nearly 3x as common in ____
girls
middle childhood is the only period in life when...
girls are taller than boys
prenatal hormone exposure on sexual orientation
girls exposed to high levels of androgrens-more likely to later identify as lesbian or bisexual
gender influence on academic achievement
girls receive higher grades in every subject, are less likely to repeat a grade, do better on reading and writing assessments
in middle childhood individual differences in height can be ____ (______ inches)
great; 6-7
cliques
groups of 2-12 people whose members have frequent social interactions; may be mixed-gender
parenting behaviors influences on antisocial behavior
harsh, inconsistent discipline increase likelihood; warmth and engagement reduces likelihood
achieved ethnic identity status
has given ERI much thought; understands and accepts it
foreclosed ethnic identity status
has strong feelings about ERI but not based on exploration
developmental dyscalculia (matematical disability)
have difficulty learning to count, add, or subtract
psychosomatic problems with bullying
headaches, stomach pain, sleeping problems, poor appetite
heavy marijuana use is associated with damage to _____, _____ and _____; declines in ________, ______, increased risk of ______ and ______
heart; brain; lungs; school performance; memory problems; depression; anxiety
Reading stages: stage 4: age
high school
a developing sense of ERI is associated with:
higher self-esteem, mental and physical health, better academic outcomes, less negative effects from racial and ethnic discrimination
classroom Olweus Bullying prevention program components
hold regular class meetings
gender expression
how someone presents themselves including physical appearance, clothing choice and behavior
most common STI
human papilloma virus (HPV)
genetics role in sexual orientation
identical twins are more likely to both be homosexual (heritability of about 34% for men and 18% for women)
______ IQ scores are more similar than those for ______
identical twins'; fraternal twins
conditional sentences example
if sarah will set the table, i will wash the dishes
peer relations in adolescence are more _______ than other life stages
important
amidst the COVID 19 pandemic claims for drug overdoses
increased 119%
in puberty hemoglobin is needed for...
increased muscle mass and menstruation
there have been recent _____ in death rates in adolescents
increases
gray matter in middle childhood
increases until puberty and then declines, with pruning of unused connections; volument peaks at different times in different loves of the brain
how children fare in school depend on influences at multiple levels
individual, microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, microsystem, chronosystem
the recent increase in adolescents is due to increases in _____
injuries; (accidents, suicide, homicide)
being bullied is associated with later:
internalizing problems, psychosomatic problems, academic problems
nature of friendships in middle childhood
intimacy with same-sex friends begins to decline as intimacy with other sex peers grows
some children have challenges with decoding sentences based on...
intonation
some children have challenges with some phonemes, such as
j v th and zh
self esteem
judgement about self-worth
metamemory increases
knowledge of and thinking about memory; understanding processes that underlie memory
crowds
larger groups composed of individuals who share particular characteristics; may not interact with one another
linguistic intelligence
lawyers, speakers/hosts, writers
Reading stages: stage 0: description
learn pre-requisites for reading; letter identification, recognition of familiar words such as name or stop
psychopathy
less gray matter in areas that regulate empathy, moral reasoning
in adolescence brain systems sensitive to reward, _______ ,reach maturity
limbic system
culture fair IQ tests avoid cultural and language biases and focuses on ______ reasoning only
logical
family rejection of sexual orientation is associated with...
low self-esteem, depression, substance abuse, suicidal thoughts, homelessness
academic problems with bullying
lower GPA, teacher and student reports of academic engagement, attendance
white matter
made of glial cells and myelinated axons
inductive reasoning
making observations about particular members of a class and then drawing conclusions about the class as a whole
rejected children
many negative nominations
popular children
many positive nominations
gender identity development among LGBT youth
many teens experiment with different sexual identities
the most widely used illicit drug in the US
marijuana
types of hallucinogens adolescents use
marijuana
in adolescence not ALL brain regions reach ______
maturity
hostile aggression
meant to hurt another person; increases in middle childhood; direct (physical or verbal) vs indirect (relational)
puberty in girls: age 12 1/2
menarche occurs (between ages 10 and 16.5)
there is increasing concern about ___ injuries in middle childhood
middle
concerns with body image begin in...
middle childhood
most IQ test predict success in schools with ______ values
middle-class
class size influences on academic achievement
mixed evidence, but smaller classes are probably better for younger students, those most at risk
Selman's stages of friendship: stage 0 name and age
mometary playmates; ages 3-7
Kohlberg's theory of moral development is the consequence of
moral reasoning, which depends on cognitive development
what is the general factor of intelligence?
most current tests regard intelligence as a single factor (g_ that is assumed to underlie performance
abstinence-only programs
most studies show no effects on abstinence, sexual behaviors, or sexual health
in middle childhood, bodies become more...
muscular and baby fat disappears
in adolescence _______ and _______ are nearly complete
myelination; synaptic pruning
influences on antisocial behavior and delinquency- _______ deficits in brain areas that regulate stress
neurobiological
Margarete Mede says in adolescence
no conflict is necessary if culture provides a smooth transition
early childhood intervention programs reduce deliquency rates
offer daycare, education, family support, parent support networks, access to services
intervention focused on troubled teens and preventing gang recruitment
offer parenting skills, neighborhood social support
______ students and _____ are less likely than ______ students and _____ to report their victimization
older; boys; younger; girls
Selman's stages of friendship: stage 1 name and age
one-way assistance; ages 4-9
primary sex characteristics
organs directly related to reproduction; enlarge and mature in adolescence
piaget believed formal operations was the epitome of thinking, but...
others have proposed post-formal thinking
family and peer influencers on academic achievement
parenting practices, socioeconomic status, peer acceptance
sexual orientation
part of someone's identity that includes their sexual and emotional attraction to another person and the bheavior that results from this attraction (to whom are you attracted?)
chronosystem
patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course; sociohistorical conditions
musical intelligence
performance, composition
Reading stages: stage 1: description
phonological recoding- sound out words by blending letters. Finish learning letters and sounds
self-concept includes:
physical appearance, peer relations, physical ability, and academic
gonadarche in girls
pituitary gland signals ovaries to release more estrogen, causing breasts to enlarge, genitals to mature, fat to accumulate, underarm and pubic hair
gonadarche in boys
pituitary gland signals testes to relese more testosterone causing genitals to mature, and muscle mass to increase, and body hair to develop
parents and teens tend to agree on:
politics, religion, social issues, health and safety, right and wrong
children of teen parents are at higher risk for
poor prenatal care; low birth weight and death; educational, psychosocial, and health problems; higher rates of teen pregnancy
family poverty influences on antisocial behavior
poverty, but especially continued poverty, increases risk
Kohlberg stages of moral development
pre conventional, conventional, post conventional
_______ can reverse digits
preschoolers
intellectual disability
problems with general metnal abilities that affect funtioning in 2 areas: -intellectual functioning -adaptive functioning
puberty in boys: age 9
puberty begins
puberty in girls: age 8
puberty begins
moratorium ethnic identity status
questions and thinks about ERI but remains confused
puberty in boys: age 17
reach full adult height
puberty in girls: age 15
reach full adult height
Reading stages: stage 2: description
read aloud with fluency but don't attach much meaning to words
Reading stages: stage 3: description
reading becomes a way to learn. Only understand single perspective
controversial children
receive many positive and negative nominations
average children
receive some positive and negative
peer relations in adolescence serve as...
reference group with whom teens can compare and evaluate opinions, abilities, physical changes
gender identity
refers to one's sense of self as male, female, or something else (how do you see yourself?)
acceptance of LGBT identity is more difficult for those who experience ______ and ______
rejection; low support from parents
3rd graders understand that some things are easier to ____ than others, better use of ____ strategies; some people have better _____
remember; memory; memories
bisexual
romantic attraction, sexual attraction, or sexual behavior toward both males and females, or to more than one gender
school level influences on academic achievement
school climate, class size, alternative education models
parenting practices influences on academic achievement
school engagement, academic expectations
most students are more likely to be bullied at school, during.....
school hours
logical-mathematical intelligence
science, medicine
puberty in boys: age 12
secondary sex characteristics begin to appear
puberty in girls: age 10
secondary sex characteristics bein to appear, with breast development
_____ can predict school grades better than IQ
self disciple
influences on antisocial behavior and deliquency- low arousal levels may lead to ________
sensation-seeking
diffused ethnic identity status
shows little or no exploration or commitment
if they report bullying, most children will tell a _____, they are least likely to tell a _____ or other ______
sibling; teacher; adult
pragmatics
social context of language
most children with a single parent do well, but they may lag _____ and ______
socially; academically
non-injury deaths among adolescents have remained _______
steady
medication for ADHD
stimulants improve neurotransmitters functioning
social factors on the timing of puberty
stress (single mother; poor relationships with fathers)
1st graders understand that people remember better if they ______, forget with ____, and things are easier to _____ than to _____
study more; time; relearn; learn
children scoring poorly on IQ tests may lack the skills required to:
succeed in that environment
diagnosis of ADHD
symptoms, multiple settings, causes impairment, long-lasting
interpersonal intelligence
teaching, politics
in puberty, lack of iron causes
teens are often listless and moody
outcomes for youth prevention and intervention
the VAST majority don't become adult criminals; those who began early are at higher risk for substance abuse, crime, poverty, self-inflicted harm, death
concrete operational period limits
thinking is limited to real situations (here and now)
genetics on the timing of puberty
timing of puberty in mother and father
amidst the COVId 19 pandemic claims for anxiety, depression, and adjustment disorders for teens
up 80-90%
Psychometric approaches
used to measure intelligence and personality
overall students are bullied in 4 ways:
verbal, exclusion, rumors, cyberbullying
most students are bullied much more ______ than ______
verbally; physically
secondary sex
visible signs of sexual maturation that don't involve the sex organs
the pendulum problem
what determines the speed at which a pendulum moves back and forth?
