LING2000 (some morphology) Terms

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co-occurence restriction

"the company" that words keep; the contexts in which the word occurs (used to classify free morphemes)

interweaving

a process in which a morpheme is interspersed throughout a base form (remember K-T-B)

inflectional affix

add meaning but don't really change the meaning of a word in a 'deep' way (convey grammatical info); usually can occur with any root/stem of the appropriate POS; are very predictable in their meaning

mental lexicon

all of the words stored in a native speaker's memory (including non-predictive information too)

tone

can be seen as a kind of bound morpheme that does not involve affixes; pitch distinguishing meaning (think accent marks)

derivational affix

can change the POS of a root; usually only goes to certain roots/stems; can be unpredictive in the meaning they create

free (root) morpheme

can stand on its own; expressed the fundamental meaning of a word; every word contains AT LEAST one

bound morpheme

cannot stand on its own; can be affixes, interwoven, or tonal

verb

co-occurence restriction: "helping" verbs (come before the main verb), 3rd person singular present/past tense suffixes

adjectives

co-occurence restriction: comparative and superlative suffixes, adverbials such as "very/too"

noun

co-occurence restriction: determiners, plural suffix, possessive suffix

adverbs

co-occurence restriction: modify words in non-noun categories

suffix

comes after the root word/morpheme

prefix

comes before the root word/morpheme

affix productivity

either derivational or inflection productivity

circumfix

goes around the root word/morpheme (need both sides)

infix

is within the root word/morpheme

allomorphy

morphemes sometimes change their pronunciation depending on the sound environments they occur in: different forms of a /morpheme/ are [allomorphs]

fusional

morphological type: a few bound morphemes; each morpheme contains more than one piece of information (such as #, case, and/or gender)

agglutinating

morphological type: a few bound morphemes; each morpheme has (roughly) one meaning

isolating

morphological type: little to no bound morphology; each word consists of one free morpheme

polysynthetic

morphological type: many bound morphemes; each morpheme conveys multiple pieces of information

morpheme

smallest linguistic unit that carries meaning or serves a grammatical purpose

degree of fusion

the number of individual meanings in a single morpheme

degree of synthesis

the number of individual morphemes in a single word

linguistics

the science of language

morphology

the study of how words are formed

diminutive

type of affix often found on nouns, conveying meaning such as minuteness, affection, or familiarity

compounding

word formation: 2 or more existing words are put together to form a new word

metaphorical extension

word formation: extend the meaning(s) of existing words

blending

word formation: parts of 2 words are combined to form a new word

invention

word formation: people make words up

reduplication

word formation: repetition of a word or morpheme to alter its meaning

initialism

word formation: say the letters; new words are formed by taking the initial sounds/letters from existing words

acronym

word formation: say the word; new words are formed by taking the initial sounds/letter from existing words

backformation

word formation: shorter words are created from longer words, based on the removal of what appears to be an affix but is, in reality, a part of the original word

borrowing

word formation: words are ________ from other languages

clipping

word formation: words are formed by shortening existing words

recutting

word formation: words are reanalyzed into component parts which differ from the original parts

conversion

word formation: words shift POS without any change to their form

lexicon

words


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