LING2000 (some morphology) Terms
co-occurence restriction
"the company" that words keep; the contexts in which the word occurs (used to classify free morphemes)
interweaving
a process in which a morpheme is interspersed throughout a base form (remember K-T-B)
inflectional affix
add meaning but don't really change the meaning of a word in a 'deep' way (convey grammatical info); usually can occur with any root/stem of the appropriate POS; are very predictable in their meaning
mental lexicon
all of the words stored in a native speaker's memory (including non-predictive information too)
tone
can be seen as a kind of bound morpheme that does not involve affixes; pitch distinguishing meaning (think accent marks)
derivational affix
can change the POS of a root; usually only goes to certain roots/stems; can be unpredictive in the meaning they create
free (root) morpheme
can stand on its own; expressed the fundamental meaning of a word; every word contains AT LEAST one
bound morpheme
cannot stand on its own; can be affixes, interwoven, or tonal
verb
co-occurence restriction: "helping" verbs (come before the main verb), 3rd person singular present/past tense suffixes
adjectives
co-occurence restriction: comparative and superlative suffixes, adverbials such as "very/too"
noun
co-occurence restriction: determiners, plural suffix, possessive suffix
adverbs
co-occurence restriction: modify words in non-noun categories
suffix
comes after the root word/morpheme
prefix
comes before the root word/morpheme
affix productivity
either derivational or inflection productivity
circumfix
goes around the root word/morpheme (need both sides)
infix
is within the root word/morpheme
allomorphy
morphemes sometimes change their pronunciation depending on the sound environments they occur in: different forms of a /morpheme/ are [allomorphs]
fusional
morphological type: a few bound morphemes; each morpheme contains more than one piece of information (such as #, case, and/or gender)
agglutinating
morphological type: a few bound morphemes; each morpheme has (roughly) one meaning
isolating
morphological type: little to no bound morphology; each word consists of one free morpheme
polysynthetic
morphological type: many bound morphemes; each morpheme conveys multiple pieces of information
morpheme
smallest linguistic unit that carries meaning or serves a grammatical purpose
degree of fusion
the number of individual meanings in a single morpheme
degree of synthesis
the number of individual morphemes in a single word
linguistics
the science of language
morphology
the study of how words are formed
diminutive
type of affix often found on nouns, conveying meaning such as minuteness, affection, or familiarity
compounding
word formation: 2 or more existing words are put together to form a new word
metaphorical extension
word formation: extend the meaning(s) of existing words
blending
word formation: parts of 2 words are combined to form a new word
invention
word formation: people make words up
reduplication
word formation: repetition of a word or morpheme to alter its meaning
initialism
word formation: say the letters; new words are formed by taking the initial sounds/letters from existing words
acronym
word formation: say the word; new words are formed by taking the initial sounds/letter from existing words
backformation
word formation: shorter words are created from longer words, based on the removal of what appears to be an affix but is, in reality, a part of the original word
borrowing
word formation: words are ________ from other languages
clipping
word formation: words are formed by shortening existing words
recutting
word formation: words are reanalyzed into component parts which differ from the original parts
conversion
word formation: words shift POS without any change to their form
lexicon
words
