Literary Terms and Examples Combined

Gerund phrase

verbal in which a verb is used as a noun and any of its modifiers. It can be used (JUST LIKE A NOUN) as a subject, direct object, object of the preposition,, etc. BLOWING BUBBLES ON A WINDY DAY is a fun activity for children. R.S Taking my dog for a walk. Walking in the rain. Strolling along a beach at sunset. (JL)

Epanalepsis

word or phrase is repeated after intervening matter "A minimum wage that is not a livable wage can never be a minimum wage."(L.P) Next time there won't be a next time." (Phil Leotardo in The Sopranos) "Always Low Prices. Always." (Walmart slogan) (JL)

Connotative diction

words chosen deliberately for the feelings and attitudes associated with them "Yours is the profession of arms, the will to win, the sure knowledge that in war there is no substitute for VICTORY: that if you lose, the nation will be destroyed; that the very obsession of your public SERVICE must be: DUTY, HONOR, COUNTRY." -"Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day" -Shakespeare (CB) "She is all states, and all princes, I." -The Sun Rising by John Donne (KNM) "Sweet home Alabama, where the skies are so blue, sweet home Alabama, Lord I'm coming home to you" (GA)

Pronoun

words that take the place of a noun Subjective (I, we, you, he, she, it, they) Objective (me, us, you, him, her, it, them) Possessive (mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs; with also the following ones, which strictly speaking, are adjectives - my, our, your, her, their). Examples of Demonstrative these - that - those -such - Indefinite : one - somebody - anybody - nobody -many - others - Relative: who - whose - whom - which - that - what - Interrogative who (with its other forms, whose and whom) which, what I, You, He, She, it, They, we, us, someone, this, that (JD)

Trochee

/U Earth, receive a honoured guest; William Yeasts is laid to rest. Let this Irish vessel lie emptied of its poetry. (EEM)

Chiasmus

A crossing parallelism, where the second part of a grammatical construction is balanced or paralleled by the first part, only in reverse order. Instead of an A,B structure (eg, "learned unwillingly") paralleled by another A,B structure ("forgotten gladly"), the A,B will be followed by B,A ("gladly forgotten"). So instead of writing "What is learned unwillingly is forgotten gladly," you could write, "What is learned unwillingly is gladly forgotten." Similarly, the parallel sentence, "What is now great was at first little," could be written as, "What is now great was little at first." Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. : Love as if you would one day hate, and hate as if you would one day love. (L.P) "Bad men live that they may eat and drink, whereas good men eat and drink that they may live." - Socrates (KNM) "Do I love you because you're beautiful? Or are you beautiful because I love you?" -Do I Love You Because You're Beautiful? by Oscar Hammerstein (KNM)

Phrase

A group of words acting as one part of speech Jesse, the lost and bewildered tourist (appositive). WATCHING THE POT (participial), he was upset when it didn't boil. R.S Starring at the window, he waited for the rain to stop (EEM)

Clause

A group of words that contains both a subject and a verb Dependent: Because my dog love pizza crusts(L.P) Independent: My dog loves pizza crusts. -"When the saints go marching in" (Klm)

Rhetorical Question

A question with no intended answer "AND WHAT SORT OF SOLDIERS ARE THOSE YOU ARE TO LEAD? ARE THEY RELIABLE? ARE THEY BRAVE? ARE THEY CAPABLE OF VICTORY?" "Who knows?" (TS) O wind, if Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? (EEM) "What, are you deaf?" (JD) From Dirty Harry: Uh uh. I know what you're thinking. "Did he fire six shots or only five?" Well to tell you the truth in all this excitement I kinda lost track myself. But being this is a .44 Magnum, the most powerful handgun in the world and would blow your head clean off, you've gotta ask yourself one question: "Do I feel lucky?" Well, do ya, punk? (JD) " is the pope catholic?" (JV) "O Wind, If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?" (JV)

Compound- complex sentence

A sentence consisting of at least two coordinate independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses; structure is DEPENDENT CLAUSE + INDEPENDENT CLAUSE + INDEPENDENT CLAUSE Those are my principals, and if you don't like them... Well, I have others.(L.P) -"Although I like to go camping, I haven't had the time to go lately, and I haven't found anyone to go with." (Klm)

Compound sentence

A sentence consisting of two or more coordinate independent clauses INDEPENDENT CLAUSE + INDEPENDENT CLAUSE I really want to go to work, but I am too sick to work. : Everyone was busy, so I went to the movies alone.(L.P) -" am counting my calories, yet I really want dessert." (Klm)

Complex sentence

A sentence with an independent clause and at least one dependent clause DEPENDENT CLAUSE + INDEPENDENT CLAUSE Though he was very rich, he was still very unhappy. : The movie, though very long, was still very enjoyable. (L.P) -"Because my coffee was too cold, I heated it in the microwave." (Klm) -"Wherever you go, you can always find beauty." (Klm)

Cacophony

A sound which is harsh or discordant "I detest war because cause of war is always trivial."(SP)

Feminine Rhyme

A stressed syllable rhyme followed by a unstressed syllable. Mother, brother (EEM) Eyes, rise (EEM)

Oxymoron

A type of paradox in which two side by side words are opposite "He was now sufficiently composed to order a funeral of MODEST MAGNIFICENCE, suitable at once to the rank of a Nouradin's profession, and the reputation of his wealth." Modest Magnificence; Jumbo Shrimp; Known Secret; Deafening Secret (Manuel) --"I find no peace, and all my war is done I fear and hope, I burn and freeze like ice, I flee above the wind, yet can I not arise;"-Sir Thomas Wyatt's Petrarch (J.F) -Act Natural/Pretty Ugly (J.F) I need some ICY HOT. Do you want SWEET TARTS? (TDS) I can resist anything, except temptation. (TDS) Open secret (JV) Tragic comedy (JV) "I find no peace, and all my war is done I fear and hope, I burn and freeze like ice, I flee above the wind, yet can I not arise;" (AYS)

Epithet

An epithet (Greek epitheton) is a descriptive word or phrase, often metaphoric, that is essentially a reduced or condensed appositive. Epithets are sometimes attached to a person's name, such as Richard the Lionheart or Alexander the Great. In contemporary usage, epithet often means an abusive or defamatory phrase. Sitting by his side, I watched the peaceful dawn :Her stifled laughter made everybody nervous.(L.P)

Inversion

Changing the natural word order of a sentence What a beautiful picture it is. R.S A jedi you will become. Whose woods these are I think I know "Her mother is the lady of the house, And a good lady, and wise and virtuous.I nursed her daughter that you talked withal.I tell you, he that can lay hold of her,Shall have the chinks." (TDS)

Antithetical Sentence

Just another way of saying parallel but opposing "Man proposes, God disposes." (KNM) "Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing." (KNM)

Personification

Applying human aspects to something not human And let every other power know that THIS HEMISPHERE INTENDS TO REMAIN THE MASTER OF ITS OWN HOUSE. (Manuel) -"Two Sunflowers Move in the Yellow Room. 'Ah, William, we're weary of weather, said the sunflowers, shining with dew. Our traveling habits have tired us. Can you give us a room with a view?"-William Blake (J.F) The stars danced playfully in the moonlit sky. (TDS) "Pearl Button swung on the little gate in front of the House of Boxes. It was the early afternoon of a sunshiny day with little winds playing hide-and-seek in it." (AYS)

Blank verse

Blank verse is a literary device defined as un-rhyming verse written in iambic pentameter. Something there is that doesn't love awall. That sends the frozen-ground-swellunder it, And spills the upper boulders in the sun; (SP)

Metaphor

Comparing two unlike things -The assignment was a breeze. (This implies that the assignment was not difficult.) (J.F)"And, If A BEACHED OF COOPERATION MAY PUSH BACK THE JUNGLE OF SUSPICION, let both sides join in creating a new endeavor..." -The assignment was a breeze. (This implies that the assignment was not difficult.) (J.F) "And, if A BEACHHEAD OF COOPERATION MAY PUSH BACK THE JUNGLE OF SUSPICTION, let both sides join in creating a new endeavor..." "He drowned in a sea of grief" (JV) "Shall I Compare Thee to a summer's Day", (AYS) "I could watch you for a lifetime, you're my favorite movie" (GA)

Balanced Sentence

a sentence with parallel structure on either side of the conjunction, semi-colon, etc Life is a comedy to those who think, a tragedy to those who think.(L.P) "Vision without action is daydream; action without vision is nightmare." -Japanese proverb (KNM)

Understatement

Downplaying the importance of something. "I AM NOT UNMINDFUL THAT SOME OF YOU HAVE COME HERE OUT OF GREAT TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS. Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. Some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality." "Senior year isn't exactly the easiest time of your life." (EM) "McDonalds is not really the healthiest breakfast." (EM) "I have to have this operation. It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain." (JV) "I have to have this operation. It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on my brain." (GA)

Infinitive phrase

PHRASE will begin with to + simple form of the verb and include objects and/or modifiers She tells you TO DANCE like no one is watching. R.S to see the northern lights in person is incredible (TDS)

Periodic sentence

Positive thinking, by helping us stay focused and maintaining a good attitude, is important for a happy life. With low taxes, beautiful views and a mild climate, this city is a great place to live. R.S In spite of heavy snow and cold temperatures, the game continued. (EEM)

Repetition

Repeating things for effect; different kinds are: anaphora, anadiplosis, epanelepsis, and epistrophe "There is no Negro PROBLEM. There is no Southern PROBLEM. There is no Northern PROBLEM. There is only an American PROBLEM. And we are met here tonight as Americans- not as Democrats or Republicans- we are met here as Americans to solve that PROBLEM." -Because I do not hope to turn again Because I do not hope Because I do not hope to turn... (J.F) I'm nobody! Who are you? Are you nobody too? Then there' s a pair of us-don't tell! They'd banish us you know. (EEM) "My conscience hath a thousand several tongues, And every tongue brings in a several tale, And every tale condemns me for a villain." (JV) "Welcome to the new age, welcome to the new age, whoa, whoa, I'm radioactive, radioactive." (GA)

Antametabole

Reversal of the order of repeated words or phrases (a loosely chiastic structure, AB-BA) "i keep my mind on my money, and my money on my mind." Snoop Dog. "Eat to live, not live to eat."- Socrates (EM) "You stood up for America, now America must stand up for you." Barack Obama - December 14, 2011 (EM) "Think and wonder. Wonder and think "Eat to live, not live to eat." (SP)

End Rhyme

Rhyme at the end of the line A word is dead, when it is said, some say. I say it just begins to live that day. (EEM)

Paradox

contradictory statements that turn out to be true FOR ONLY WHEN OUR ARMS ARE SUFFICIENT BEYOND DOUBT CAN WE BE CERTAIN BEYOND DOUBT THAT THEY WILL NEVER BE EMPLOYED. (Manuel) -"I can resist anything but temptation." Oscar Wilde (J.F) "with mirth in funeral and dirge in marriage..." Hamlet You can save money by spending it. (TDS) "I'm a compulsive liar" (JV) "Come as you are, as you were, As I want you to be As a friend, as a friend, as an old enemy. Take your time, hurry up The choice is yours, don't be late." (GA)

Rhetorical shift

a shift for a rhetorical purpose "YOU NOW FACE A NEW WORLD-A WORLD OF CHANGE. THE THRUST INTO OUTER SPACE OF THE SATELLITE, SPHERES, AND MISSILES MARK THE BEGINNING OF ANOTHER EPOCH IN THE LONG STORY OF MANKIND." "We're all just a bunch of Plutos orbiting the sun- something bigger than us is at play. Something that doesn't force us, but draws us and guides us to decisions we wouldn't normally make, good or bad." (EM) The weather outside was very nice, however Jennifer was feeling depressed. (EEM) That was then, but this is now (JV) "I said, "I'd like to see you if you don't mind". He said, "I'd love to dad, if I could find the time"....As I hung up the phone, it occurred to me, he'd grown up just like me, my boy was just like me" (GA)

Onomatopoeia

The sound of a word echoes the sound it represents Water plops into the pond (EEM) Flags flutter and flap (EEM)

Allusion

a reference to a mythological, literary, or historical person, place or thing "So it was at Lexington and Concord. So it was a century ago at APPOMATTOX. So it was last week in SELMA, ALABAMA." -"When she lost her job, she acted like a SCROOGE, and refused to buy anything that wasn't necessary" (CB) So it was at Lexington and Concord. So it was a century ago at APPOMATTOX. So it was last week in SELMA, ALABAMA. (Manuel) "He was a real Romeo with the ladies" (JL) "I was surprised his nose was not growing like Pinocchio's." This refers to the story of Pinocchio, where his nose grew whenever he told a lie. It is from The Adventures of Pinocchio, written by Carlo Collodi. (SP)

Imagery

Words that appeal to the five senses: sight, touch, taste, smell, or hearing "As I listened to those songs, in memory's eye I could see those staggering columns of the First World War, BENDING UNDER SOGGY PACKS, on many a weary march FROM DRIPPING DUSK TO DRIZZLING DAWN, SLOGGING ANKLE-DEEP THROUGH THE MIRE OF SHELL-SHOCKED ROADS, to form grimly for attack, BLUE-LIPPED, COVERED WITH SLUDGE AND MUD, CHILLED BY WIND AND RAIN, driving home to their objective, and for many, to the judgement seat of God." "O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright! It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night Like a rich jewel in an Ethiope's ear;"-Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet (J.F) -"Where the ocean kissed the southern shore" (Klm) -"Came and went like time spent through an hourglass" (Klm) "O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright! It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night Like a rich jewel in an Ethiope's ear;" (AYS)

Independent clause

a clause that has a subject and a verb AND can stand alone as a complete sentence The best defense against the atom bomb is not to be there when it goes off. R.S I enjoy sitting by the fireplace and reading. (TDS)

Simple sentence

a sentence having no coordinate or subordinate clauses. NOTE: it CAN have phrases, and it CAN have compound subjects or compound predicates; it just CAN'T have more than one CLAUSE. "I am an invisible man." - Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man, 1952 (TS) "Her eyes were red from crying." -E.B. White, Charlotte's Web. Harper & Row, 1952 (TS) 1 Joe waited for the train. "Joe" = subject, "waited" = verb (JD) 2 Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station early but waited until noon for the bus. "Mary and Samantha" = compound subject, "arrived" and "waited" = compound verb (JD)

Interrogative sentence

a sentence that is a question Did you go to the game Friday night? Are you ready to go? R.S Mister, can you spare a dime? (TDS)

Analogy

a comparison between two things intended to show how they are alike "President Roosevelt showed us that a man who could barely lift himself out of a wheelchair could still lift a nation out of despair" (Manuel) "PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT SHOWED US THAT A MAN WHO COULD BARELY LIFT HIMSELF OUT OF A WHEELCHAIR COULD STILL LIFT A NATION OUT OF DESPAIR." -"Withdrawal of U.S. Troops will become like salted peanuts to the American public; the more U.S. Troops come home, the more will be demanded." -Henry Kissinger: memo to President Richard Nixon (CB) You are as annoying as nails on a chalkboard (JL) You are as annoying as nails on a chalkboard. You must be pretty annoying for someone to say that.I am going to be toast when I get home. This is usually said when someone is in trouble with their significant other. (SP) "Structure of an atom is like a solar system. Nucleus is the sun and electrons are the planets revolving around their sun." (AYS) "The way you move is like a full on rainstorm, and I'm a house of cards" (GA)

Loose/cumulative sentence

a complex sentence in which the main clause comes first and the subordinate clause follows I found a large hall, obviously a former garage, dimly lit, and packed with cots. R.S I went to the movies yesterday, bought candy, and shopped at the mall. (TDS)

Hyperbole

a deliberate, extravagant, and often outrageous exaggeration used for either serious or comic effect I'm so hungry I could eat a HORSE! July in Texas is hotter than the sun. "I have a dream that one day EVERY VALLEY SHALL BE EXALTED, EVERY HILL AND MOUNTAIN SHALL BE MADE LOW, THE ROUGH PLACES WILL BE MADE PLAIN, AND THE CROOKED PLACES WILL BE MADE STRAIGHT, and the glory or The Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together" -"She is so dumb, she thinks Taco Bell is a Mexican phone company"(CB) -"I am so hungry I could eat a horse." (CB) - "He is as skinny as a toothpick." (Klm) -"It's raining cats and dogs." (Klm) "Neptune's ocean wash this blood Clean from my hand? No. This my hand will rather The multitudinous seas incarnadine, Making the green one red." (AYS)

Juxtaposition

a device in which normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another, often creating an effect of surprise and wit "There, long-suffering men and women PEACEFULLY PROTESTED the denial of their rights as Americans. Many were BRUTALLY ASSAULTED." In order to give us an idea of the factors responsible for the French Revolution, Dickens uses this throughout the novel in which the have not's and the haves are put side by side to highlight the presence of severe disparity and discord in the then French society that paved the way for the revolution. By examining the given placement, readers can vividly imagine the calamitous atmosphere before the revolution and understand its need at that time. R.S -"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness"- A Tales of Two Cities by Charles Dickens (J.F) "O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright! It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night Like a rich jewel in an Ethiope's ear;"Romeo and Juliet -William Shakespeare (JL)

Antithesis

a device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect They are your rallying points: to build courage when courage seems to fail; TO REGAIN FAITH WHEN THERE SEEMS TO BE LITTLE CAUSE FOR FAITH; TO CREATE HOPE WHEN HOPE BECOMES FORLORN. (Manuel) -"That one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." Neil Armstrong (CB) -"Patience is bitter, but it has a sweet fruit." Aristotle (CB) -"Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing" - Goethe (CB) "Speech is silver, but silence is gold."(JL) "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times" - A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens (KNM) "It was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness" - A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens (KNM) Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice. (JV) "Even though the sun is shining, I can feel the rain" (GA)

Parallelism

a grammatical or structural arrangement of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs so that elements of equal importance are equally developed and similarly phrased "Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or I'll, that we shall PAY ANY PRICE, BEAR ANY BURDEN, MEET ANY HARDSHIP, SUPPORT ANY FRIEND, OPPOSE ANY FOE, to assure the survival and the success of liberty" -Like father, like son. (J.F) Whether in class, at work or at home, Shasta was always busy. Flying is fast, comfortable, and safe. (JL) You need to work quickly and decisively. (TDS) Easy come, easy go (JV)

Exclamatory sentence

a more forceful version of a declarative sentence, marked at the end with an exclamation mark "It's alive! It's alive!" (Colin Clive as Dr. Frankenstein in Frankenstein, 1931) R.S

Participial phrase

a phrase that begins with a verb used as an adjective Having been on the road for four days, Todd was exhausted. Annoyed by the noise, the teacher spoke sharply to the class. R.S Eaten by mosquitoes, we wished that we had made hotel, not campsite reservations (EEM)

testimonial

a public tribute to a product or someone and to their achievements "I HAVE BESIDE ME UP HERE MILLIONS OF PEOPLE WHO ARE LIVING AND STANDING STRAIGHT AND ERECT, AND KNOWING SOMETHING ABOUT DIGNITY WITHOUT BEING COLD AND ALOOF, KNOWING SOMETHING ABOUT BEING CONTAINED WITH BEING UNAPPROACHABLE- PEOPLE WHO HAVE LEARNED SOMETHING FROM CORETTA SCOTT KING." "I use Magic Jack, and I couldn't be happier! Affordable pricing for premium service, you can't go wrong." (EM) Boxer, whom the animals love, admire, and respect due to his hard work and devotion to Animalism, adopts a new slogan, "Napoleon is always right". -animal farm (JL) "There comes a time when we hear a certain call, when the world must come together as one. There are people dying, and it's time to lend s hand to life" (GA)

Anecdote

a short account of a particular incident or event, especially of an interesting or amusing nature "President Roosevelt showed us that a man who could barely lift himself out of a wheelchair could still lift a nation out of despair" (Manuel) "What is that? Bells, dogs again! Is it a dream? I sob and cry. See! The door opens, fur-clad men Rush to my rescue; frail am I; Feeble and dying, dazed and glad. There is the pistol where it dropped. "Boys, it was hard — but I'm not mad. . . . Look at the clock — it stopped, it stopped. Carry me out. The heavens smile. See! There's an arch of gold above. Now, let me rest a little while — Looking to God and Love . . .and Love . . ." (Manuel) "DURING MY REHABILITATION, I MET A YOUNG MAN NAMED GREGORY PATTERSON. WHEN HE WAS INNOCENTLY DRIVING THROUGH NEWARK, N.J., A STRAY BULLET FROM A GANG SHOOTING WENT THROUGH HIS CAR WINDOW- RIGHT INTO HIS NECK- SEVERED HIS SPINAL CORD. FIVE YEARS AGO, HE MIGHT HAVE DIED. TODAY, BECAUSE OF RESEARCH, HE'S ALIVE." A mother tells her son a story about a family vacation when she was growing up.(SP) A student writes a brief account about his favorite holiday moment for a school assignment. (SP) What is that? Bells, dogs again! Is it a dream? I sob and cry. See! The door opens, fur-clad men Rush to my rescue; frail am I; Feeble and dying, dazed and glad. There is the pistol where it dropped. "Boys, it was hard — but I'm not mad. . . . Look at the clock — it stopped, it stopped. Carry me out. The heavens smile. See! There's an arch of gold above. Now, let me rest a little while — Looking to God and Love . . .and Love . . .". (AYS)

Simile

a stated comparison of two different things or ideas through the use of the words like or as "We cannot be satisfied as long as Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied UNTIL JUSTICE ROLLS DOWN LIKE WATERS AND RIGHTEOUSNESS LIKE A MIGHTY STREAM." "Quick as lightning, happiness lit up her face like a Christmas tree." (EM) "And when she twirled, that light blue dress ran up, floating along the air like some sort or gracefully lilly flower, one you don't touch for fear of its fragile nature...(EM) ...tormenting itself in its invincible ignorance like a small bird beating about the cruel wires of a cage. (EEM) "Happy as a clam" JV "Life is like a box of chocolates, you never know what you're going to get" (JV)

Synecdoche

a type of metaphor in which the part is used to represent the whole Get your butt in here! "Hey muscles, get outta there!" (EM) "Get your tail outside!" (EM) The word "sails" refers to a whole ship. The word "suits" refers to businessmen(JL) "O no! It is an ever-fixed mark That looks on tempests and is never shaken." (AYS)

Litotes

a type of understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary Saying you won't be sorry, meaning you'll be glad -They do not seem the happiest couple around. (J.F) -He is not the smartest person I have ever met. (J.F) Saying: you wont be sorry ; not bad (Mark-Anthony) on a snow day: it's not warm outside, is it? They do not seem the happiest couple around. The ice cream was not too bad. New York is not an ordinary city.(JL) "Indeed, it is not uncommon for slaves even to fall out and quarrel among themselves about the relative goodness of their masters, each contending for the superior goodness of his own over that of the others." (AYS)

Adverb

a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group, expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner, cause, degree, etc. (e.g., gently, quite, then,there ). Financially, Endlessly (SP)

Rhetorical fragment

an incomplete sentence for effect "Another new study to be presented by U.S. Navy researchers later this week warns it could happen in as little as 7 years. Seven years from now." "He knew it was not enough. Not enough." -Barrack Obama (TS) "Look at the American Revolution in 1776. That revolution was for what? For land. Why did they want land? Independence. How was it carried out? Bloodshed. -Malcolm x (TS) "All i saw was darkness. Oppressive darkness. Darkness that swallowed everything." (JL) Lights. Camera. Action. (EEM) "Well, shake it up, baby, now. (shake it up, baby) Twist and shout." (GA)

Absolute Phrase

are made of nouns or pronouns followed by a participle and any modifiers of the noun or pronoun (ie: his hair blowing). They phrases contain a subject (unlike participial phrases), and no predicate. They serve to modify an entire sentence "TEETH CHATTERING, I went back in the house." (EM) "TAIL WAGGING, the puppy pounced on his owner." (EM) HAND ON HER HIP MAKE-UP SMEARED DOWN HER FACE HER MOUTH DRY The storks circled high above us, their slender bodies sleek and black against the orange sky. (SP)

Dependent/ Subordinate Clause

clause contains a subject and a verb, but it is characterized as beginning with a dependent marker word/subordinating conjunction (ie: although, despite, while, because, etc.) and therefore cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence. After Amy sneezed all over the tuna salad. (L.P) -"Always be nice to those younger than you [because they are the ones who will be writing about you.] (Klm)

Synesthesia

describing one sense in terms of another The lights grow brighter as the earth lurches away from the sun, and now the orchestra is PLAYING YELLOW COCKTAIL MUSIC, and the opera of voices pitches a key higher. "And you can't help but relax because the chicken and dumplings inexplicably taste like home, calming your fears and installing in you a yearning for the simpler times you weren't even aware you missed. " (EM) "Even the cookies tasted like sadness, because instead of being baked with love the cook spilt a little too much sorrow into the mix." (EM) "Thou art a lady: if only to go warm were gorgeous, Why nature needs not what thou gorgeous wear'st, Which scarcely keeps thee warm." (JL) "Tasting of Flora and the country green, Dance, and Provencal song, and sun burnt mirth!" (AYS) "Losing him was blue like I'd never known, missing him was dark grey all alone, loving him was red" (GA)

Imperative sentence

gives a direct command to someonE "Always do right. This will gratify some people and astonish the rest." (Mark Twain) Pour me a glass of water. R.S

Ellipsis

leaving words out Prosperity is a great teacher; adversity a greater. (L.P)

Statistics

numerical facts or data used as evidence "RIGHT NOW, FOR EXAMPLE, ABOUT A QUARTER-MILLION AMERICANS HAVE A SPINAL CORD INJURY. OUR GOVERNMENT SPENDS ABOUT $8.7 BILLION A YEAR JUST MAINTAINING THESE MEMBERS OF OUR FAMILY. BUT WE SPEND ONLY $40 MILLION OF RESEARCH THAT WOULD ACTUALLY IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF THEIR LIVES, GET THEM OFF PUBLIC ASSISTANCE, OR EVEN CURE THEM." "Right now, for example, roughly 15% of Internet traffic can be related to cats. That means there's 85% of the Internet still out there to explore!" (EM) "Match making in China is estimated to be on the rise after China's government estimated that by 2020 there will be 30 million bachelors unable to find a wife."(EM) Eighty-four articles were found: 62 in Academic Medicine and 22 in the Journal of General Internal Medicine. Overall, 38 (45%) of the articles reported or stated that they calculated statistics: 35% in Academic Medicine and 73% in the Journal of General Internal Medicine. (AYS)

Adjective

p, first,art of speech that answers what kind, which one, or how many and modifies a noun or pronoun "The STARRY sky. " (EM) " My DIFFICULT homework." (EM) annual, first (SP)

Interjection

part of speech that ends in exclamation or comma darn! Ow! Woo-hoo! Jeepers! That was close. (Underlined word is the interjection) R.S Ahh, that feels wonderful. (TDS)

Noun

part of speech that is a person, place, or thing The CAT ran up the TREE. R.S The PRESIDENT gave his speech (EEM) He was born and raised in FORT WORTH (EEM)

Conjunction

part of speech that links other parts of the sentence (or, and, but) And, But, Or, Nor, For, Yet, So(L.P) Correlating : both...and; either...or; neither...nor. Subordinating (dependent marker words: after, although, as,because,,before, even if,even though, if, in order that, once, provided that, rather than, since, so that, than, that, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, whether, while, why -"Most kids like cookies and milk." (Klm)

Prepositional phrase

part of speech that shows direction, location, or relationship and its object. Racing TOWARD THE FINISH LINE, Sarah realized she just might win. (TS) All the passengers ABOARD THE RUNAWAY TRAIN were frightened. (TS) Before class, Josh begged his friends for a pencil (EEM)

Preposition

part of speech that shows direction, location, or relationship. The sun is ABOVE the clouds. (TS) His shorts are BELOW his knees. (TS) Can't climb aboard without a preposition (EEM) As far as we're concerned, as is a pretty important preposition (EEM)

Appositive Phrase

rename noun phrases and are usually placed beside what they rename; note: THESE REPLACE--THEY DO NOT DESCRIBE—A NOUN!!! The insect, A COCKROACH, is crawling across the kitchen table. (L.P) "My brother, a human garbage disposal, consumed five cheeseburgers in one sitting last night." (KNM)

Epistrophe

repetition at the end of successive clauses, phrases, and sentences. "With this faith we will be able to work TOGETHER, to pray TOGETHER, to struggle TOGETHER, to go to jail TOGETHER, to stand up for freedom TOGETHER, knowing that we will be free one day" (Mark-Anthony) I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice cream(L.P) BRUTUS: "Who is here so base that would be a bondman? If any, speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so rude that would not be a Roman? If any, speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so vile that will not love his country? If any, speak; for him have I offended...."- Julius caesar by William Shakespeare (JL) -"For no government is better than the men who compose it, and I want the best, and we need the best, and we deserve the best." - John F. Kennedy (CB) -"And that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the Earth" - Abraham Lincoln (CB) "Where now? Who now? When now?" (JL) "Then I'll be all aroun' in the dark. I'll be ever'where - wherever you look. Wherever they's a fight so hungry people can eat, I'll be there. Wherever they's a cop beatin' up a guy, I'll be there. . . . . An' when our folk eat the stuff they raise an' live in the houses they build - why, I'll be there....." (JV) "Bring me down, can't nothing bring me down, my level's too high to bring me down" (GA)

Anadiplosis

repetition at the end of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences at or near the beginning of the next "Our doubt is our passion, and our passion is our task." JV "Whenever I'm alone with you, you make me feel like I am home again, whenever I'm alone with you, you make me feel like I am whole again." (GA) "They call for you. The general who became A SLAVE; THE SLAVE who became A GLADIATOR; THE GLADIATOR who defined an emperor; striking story." -"Tonight we are a country awakened to danger and called to defend freedom. Our grief has turned to anger, and anger to resolution." George W. Bush: addressing congress and the nation. (CB) "When the cable goes out, you get angry. When you get angry, you do questionable things. When you do questionable things, you go to jail. When you go to jail, your granny cries. Don't make your granny cry." (EM) "When you don't do your homework, you don't know what's going on. When you don't know what's going on, you fail. When you fail, your mom makes you go to tutoring. When you go to tutoring, you get assigned even more homework. Don't get assigned even more homework, do your homework the first time." (EM) "What I present here is what I remember of the letter, and what I remember of the letter I remember verbatim (including that awful French)."- Lollita (JL) "The mountains look on Marathon - And Marathon looks on the sea..." (SP) "He retained his virtues amidst all his - misfortunes — misfortunes which no prudence could foresee or prevent." (SP) "Whenever I'm alone with you, you make me feel like I am home again, whenever I'm alone with you, you make me feel like I am whole again." (GA)

Asyndeton

the deliberate omission of conjunctions in a series of related words, phrases, or clauses I came. I saw. I conquered.(L.P) "We've seen the unfurling of flags, THE LIGHTING OF CANDLES, THE GIVING OF BLOOD, THE SAYING OF PRAYERS- in English, Hebrew, and Arabic." -Fog everywhere. Fog up the river, where it flows among green aits and meadows; fog down the river, where it rolls deified among the tiers of shipping and the waterside pollutions of a great (and dirty) city. - Bleak House by Charles Dickens (CB) "This is the villain among you who deceived you, who cheated you, who meant to betray you completely......." Rhetoric by Aristotle (JL) "If I die young, Bury me in satin, Lay me down on a bed of roses, Sink me in the river at dawn, Send me away with the words of a love song" (GA)

Polysyndeton

the deliberate use of many conjunctions for special emphasis—to highlight quantity or mass of detail or to create a flowing, continuous sentence pattern; it slows the pace of the sentence And Joshua, and all of Israel with him, took Achan the son of Zerah, and the silver, and the garment, and the wedge of gold, and his sons, and his daughters, and his oxen, and his asses, and his sheep, and his tent, and all that he had." (The Bible) R.S By seven o' clock the orchestra has arrived— no thin five piece affair but a whole pit full of oboes AND trombones AND saxophones AND viols AND coronets AND piccolos AND low AND high drums. (Manuel) -"I said, 'Who killed him?' and he said 'I don't know who killed him, but he's dead all right,' and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Key and she was right only she was full of water." (Ernest Hemingway, After the Storm) (J.F) "Rarely are we met with a challenge, not to our growth or abundance, our welfare, or our security, but rather to the values AND the purposes AND the meaning of our beloved Nation." Today, my teacher gave me math homework and science homework and reading homework and a project to complete!(JL) I like Jeff, but he likes Karen, but she likes Mark, but he likes Marie, but she likes Morgan, but he likes me.(JL) Mrs. Hurst and her sister allowed it to be so - but still they admired her and liked her, and pronounced her to be a sweet girl, and one whom they would not object to know more of. (EEM) And Joshua, and all of Israel with him, took Achan the son of Zerah, and the silver, and the garment, and the wedge of gold, and his sons, and his daughters, and his oxen, and his asses, and his sheep, and his tent, and all that he had. (TDS) "Let the whitefolks have their money and power and segregation and sarcasm and big houses and schools and lawns like carpets, and books, and mostly-mostly-let them have their whiteness." (AYS)

Declarative Sentence

the kind of sentence that makes a statement or "declares" something I like cats. "I like children--fried."(L.P) -"There are five million people at risk." (Klm)

Jargon

the language, especially the vocabulary, peculiar to a particular trade, profession, or group " in a sense we've come to our nations capital TO CASH A CHECK. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the constitution and the Declaration of Independence, THEY WERE SIGNING A PROMISSORY NOTE to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men- yes, black men as well as white men- would be guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. IT IS OBVIOUS TODAY THAT AMERICA HAS DEFAULTED ON THIS PROMISSORY NOTE INSOFAR AS HER CITIZENS OF COLOR ARE CONCERNED. INSTEAD OF HONORING THIS SACRED OBLIGATIONS, AMERICA HAS GIVEN THE NEGRO PEOPLE A BAD CHECK, A CHECK THAT HAS COME BACK MARKED 'INSUFFICIENTFUMDS.'" (Mark-Anthony) -AWOL - Absent without leave(military jargon) (J.F) -BTW(by the way) (J.F) -LOL(laugh out loud)- Mail & chat Jargon (J.F) in science: cells, organism, zygote in math: angle, hypotenuse, quotient in English: metaphor, imagery, characterization Bang for the buck - A term that means, to get the most for your money (JL) -thinking outside the box (Klm) "I could see it was a rough-cut Tuesday . Slow motion weekdays stare me down" (GA)

Alliteration

the repetition of beginning consonant sounds in several consecutive or neighboring words Sally sells seashells by the seashore (Manuel) "I speak tonight for the DIGNITY of man and the DESTINY of DEMOCRACY" -"Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers" (CB) -"Betty bought butter but the butter was bitter, so Betty bought better butter to make the bitter butter better" (CB) Alice's aunt ate apples and acorns around August. Becky's beagle barked and bayed, becoming bothersome for Billy (JL) "Larry's lizard likes leaping leopards." (SP) "She sells sea shells by the sea shore."(SP) "Carrie's cat clawed her couch, creating chaos." (SP) "Whisper Words of Wisdom, let it be" The Beatles (JV) Ralph's reindeer rose rapidly and ran round the room. (AYS) "Can you imagine no first dance, freeze dried romance, five-hour phone conversation?" (GA)

Anaphora

the repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses; it helps to establish a strong rhythm and produces a powerful emotional effect "And what sort of soldiers are those you are to lead? ARE THEY reliable? ARE THEY brave? ARE THEY capable of victory?" -"We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender." Winston Churchill: WWII (CB) "Today, I am home. Today, I see my friends again. Today, the world will not end." (EM) "I regret not studying. I regret putting off my homework. I regret not asking my classmates what was due. Mostly, I regret failing the class" (EM) Fred asked Ginger to pass him the potatoes. (Fred) (SP) -She dropped the glass and it broke into pieces. (the glass) (SP) The child wanted a pony but her parents didn't buy one for her. (pony) (SP) "Every breath you take, every move you make, every bond you break, every step you take, I'll be watching you" (GA)

Assonance

the repetition of vowel sounds in a series of words "Poetry is old, ancient, goes back far. It is among the oldest of living things. So old it is that no man knows how and why the first poems came." (Manuel) "I do not KNOW the dignity of their birth, but I do KNOW the GLORY of their death." -"Poetry is old, ancient, goes back far. It is among the oldest of living things. So old it is that no man knows how and why the first poems came." Carl Sandburg (CB) "The setting sun was licking the hard bright machine like some great invisible beast on its knees." - "Death, Sleep, and the Traveler" by John Hawkes (JL) "If I bleat when I speak it's because I just got . . . fleeced." - Deadwood by Al Swearengen (KNM) "I must confess that in my quest I felt depressed and restless." - With Love by Thin Lizzy (KNM) "The crumbling thunder of seas" (SP) "So the FCC won't let me be or let me be me, so let me see. They tried to shut me down on MTV but it feels so empty without me" (GA)

Metonymy

the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant The school for the administration -Let me give you a hand. (Hand means help.) -"Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears."-Julius Caesar (Mark Anthony uses "ears" to say that he wants the people present there to listen to him attentively. It is a metonymy because the word "ears" replaces the concept of attention.) (J.F) The pen is mightier than the sword. (Pen refers to written words and sword to military force.) The Oval Office was busy in work. ("The Oval Office" is a metonymy as it stands for people at work in the office.) (JL) "Remember to let her into your heart" (GA)

Euphemism

the use of a word or phrase that is less expressive or direct but considered less distasteful or offensive than another "Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. Some of you have come from areas where your question for freedom left you battered by storms of persecution and staggered by winds of police brutality. You are the veterans of CREATIVE SUFFERING" -"He is always tired and emotional (drunk). (CB) -We do not hire mentally challenged (stupid) people.(CB) "Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. Some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality. You have been the veterans of CREATIVE SUFFERING." (Mark-Anthony) - "Chandler's grandmother passed away last week." (Klm) - "I need to go powder my nose." (Klm) "I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs." (AYS)

Irony

the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning "He may be asked to recite the entire Constitution, or explain the most complex provisions of State law. AND EVEN A COLLEGE DEGREE CANNOT BE USED TO PROVE THAT HE CAN READ AND WRITE" " He may be asked to recite the entire constitution, or explain the most complex provisions of State law. AND EVEN A COLLEGE DEGREE CANNOT BE USED TO PROVE THAT HE CAN READ AND WRITE." (Mark-Anthony) -Marriage is the leading cause of divorce(J.F) -I posted a video on YouTube about how boring and useless YouTube is.(J.F) -"A man who is a traffic cop gets his license suspended for unpaid parking tickets." (Klm) "Go ask his name: if he be married. My grave is like to be my wedding bed." (AYS)

Details

things that are included for a rhetorical purpose Every device of which human ingenuity is capable, has been used to deny this right. The Negro citizen may go to register only to be told that the day is wrong, or the hour is late, or the official in charge is absent. And if he persists and, if he manages to present himself to the registrar, he may be disqualified because he did not spell out his middle name, or because he abbreviated a word on the application. (Manuel) -"The sunset filled the entire sky with the deep color of rubies, setting the clouds ablaze." (CB) "His deep and soulful blue eyes were like the color of the ocean on the clearest day you can ever imagine." (KNM) "Lying beside you, here in the dark, feeling your heart beat with mine, softly you whisper, you're so sincere, how could our love be so blind, we sailed on together, we drifted apart, and here you are by my side" (GA)