Lymphatic system review
Which of these is not a property of an IgG heavy chain?
binds antigen at both ends
Which of the following statements about MHC proteins is not true?
bine complement
Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation, except
chemotaxis of phagocytes
The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells.
cytotoxic T
Changes in the immune system that accompany aging include
B cells less responsive
Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the
Thoracic duct
Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the
Thymus
________ are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.
Tonsils
Lymphocytes may be found in which of the following tissues or organs?
Tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, thymus
When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell.
Helper T
B cells are primarily activated by the activities of
Helper T-cells
Which of the following interleukins stimulates T cells to produce IL-2, promotes inflammation, and causes fever?
IL-1
Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as saliva and tears are
IgA
Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and may activate antibody production are
IgD
Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are
IgE
The white pulp of the spleen is populated by
Lymphocytes
Various types of macrophages are derived from
Monocytes
The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells
NK cells
Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.
Natural acquired active
Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.
Natural acquired passive
Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as
White pulp
The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result in
Neutralization of the antigen agglutination or precipitation complement activation and opsonization
Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by
Specific immunity
The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the
Spleen
The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the ________ cell.
T-Cells
Microphages include
neutrophils and eosinophils
During a primary humoral response to antigens all of the following occur, except
neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances
Nonspecific defenses include
phagocytic cells. physical barriers. inflammation. interferons.
The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ________ cells.
plasma
The release of endogenous pyrogen (or interleukin-1) by active macrophages would
produce a fever.
Helper T cells do all of the following, except
provide a rapid response to a future exposure to the antigen
In general, lymphocytes
spend most of their time in lymphoid tissue. have relatively long life spans.
Interleukins do all of the following, except
stimulate collagen synthesis
Inflammation produces localized
swelling, redness, heat and pain
Which of these statements about lymph flow in a node is false?
the afferent lymphatics enters at the hilum
The merging of ________ forms the right lymphatic duct.
the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks
In IgG, the antigen binding site is formed by
the variable segment of the light chain + the variable segment of the heavy chain
T is to ________ as B is to ________.
thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived
The term lymphadenopathy refers to
a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes.
All of the following are true of the thymus gland, except that it
activates B cells.
Lymphoid tissue is found in the greatest quantity in
adult spleen
Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are
allergies
The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the protein C1 binds to
an antibody attached to an antigen
Newborns gain their immunity initially from
antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother.
Autoantibodies
are directed against the body's own antigens.
Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following, except that they
are smaller in diameter.
All of the following are true of the primary response of humoral immunity, except that it
is delayed by the memory cell stage.
Specific defenses depend on the activities of
lymphocytes
Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following?
lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells
An inflammatory response is triggered when
mast cells release histamine and heparin.
Lymph nodes do all of the following, except that they
remove excess nutrients from the lymph
Lymphocytes
respond to antigens
Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include
sebaceous glands. mucus. epithelia. epidermal layers
All of the following are true of the secondary response of humoral immunity, except that it
weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two
The role of antigen-presenting cells in immunity is to
Activates T cells, display antigen fragments, process antigens
The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following, except
Antibodies
The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells
B-Cells
The medullary cords of a lymph node contain ________ lymphocytes and plasma cells
B-Cells
Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with
Blood vessels
Stem cells that will form B cells or NK cells are found only in the
Bone Marrow
Which class of leucocytes is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen?
Fixed and free macrophages
The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their
Heavy chain constant segments
Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are
IgG
The only antibodies that normally cross the placenta are
IgG
Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection, are
IgM
________ is the class of antibody first secreted in response to a new antigen.
IgM
The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following, except
Inhibits of the immune response
Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity
Innate
________ are clusters of lymphoid nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine.
Peyer Patches
The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the
Phagocytes
Stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the
Red Marrow
The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions, except the
Right Breast
If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of
T-cells
Hormones of the immune system include all of the following, except
TNF (Tumor necrosis factor)
Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following, except
The Brain
The lymphoid system is composed of all of the following, except
The Venae Cavae
Lymphoid organs differ from lymphoid tissues in what way?
They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphoid tissues are not.
The lymphoid system does all of the following, except that it
Transport gases to and away from lymph nodes
Characteristics of specific defenses include
Versatility, tolerance, memory and specificity
Lymph nodes range in diameter from
1 mm to 25 mm
Plasma contains ________ special complement proteins that form the complement system.
11
Each IgG has ________ binding sites for attachment to antigenic determinants.
2
The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. 1. Several cycles of mitosis occur. 2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage. 3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection. 4. T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen. 5. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or T memory cells. 6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin. The correct sequence for these steps is
2, 4, 1, 5, 3, 6.
Cells that help regulate the immune response are ________ cells.
Helper T
Fever is the maintenance of body temperature greater than
37.2C or 99F
If the disulfide bonds in IgG were broken, how many protein chains would be set free?
4
Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body, except the
CNS
Dividing lymphocytes can be found in the ________ of the lymphoid nodule.
Central zone and germinal center
Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection, except
Complement
Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells.
Cytotoxic T
When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a ________ cell.
Cytotoxic T
Lymphatic capillaries are known for
being the starting point of the lymphatic circulation. being the smallest lymphatic vessels. having larger diameters and looser walls than blood capillaries. shingle-like endothelial cells.
In order for a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen, the antigen must
bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte surface
Lymphocyte production involves
bone marrow. thymus tissue. peripheral lymphoid tissues.
The primary function of the lymphoid system is
defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats
Stress can affect the immune response in all of the following ways, except by
inhibiting glucocorticoid release
In passive immunization, the
either body receives antibodies produced by other humans or body receives antibodies produced by an animal
T cells and B cells can be activated only by
exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane
Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only
in antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes
Suppressor T cells act to
inhibit T and B cell activities.