M302 Unit 2

J. C. Bach: Concerto Look For:

two Keyboard staves are larger than the three strings staves.

Haydn: The Creation Important Musical Elements

"And... there... was... LIGHT"- Ultimate Sublime experience is in Genesis: the creation. Haydn loved to surprise his listeners but this surprise isn't comic- its AWE-inspiring. Text supports enlightenment beliefs of the time- praise God for creation of nature and human body, light is the central symbol of God's creative power

Mozart: Piano Concerto Form

"Classic-Period Concerto Form"- combines ritornello form and sonata form. Aka Double-Exposition Sonata Mozart: Piano Concerto Form: Tutti Expo, Soloist Expo, and then Development, Recap, and Coda.

Beethoven: Piano Sonata Look For:

Changes clefs fairly frequently; most pages has a double bar somewhere where that slow intro reappears. 6 or 7 systems per page; lots of measures on one page

Mozart: Symphony No. 41 (Jupiter) Look For:

10 staves except on 5-part canon page, there are 11 staves

J. C. Bach: Concerto for Harpsichord or Piano and Strings in E-flat Major, First Movement

1770s

Mozart: Don Giovanni, Act I, Scenes 1-2

1780s

Mozart: Piano Concerto in A Major, K. 488, First Movement

1780s

Mozart: Piano Sonata in F Major, K. 332, First Movement

1780s

Mozart: Symphony No. 41 (Jupiter), Finale

1780s

Beethoven: Piano Sonata in C Minor, Op. 13 (Pathétique), First Movement

1790s

Haydn: The Creation, No. 2, In the beginning God

1790s

Beethoven: Symphony No. 3 in E-flat Major (Eroica), First Movement

1800s

Beethoven: String Quartet in A Minor, Op. 132, Movements 3-5

1820s

Beethoven: String Quartet Form

5 mvts. Chiastic keys A minor, A Major, F Major, A Major, A minor. 3rd Mvt: RONDO form. An unusual rondo, but still. 4th Mvt: March followed by Recitative (Rounded Binary). 5th Mvt: Sonata-Rondo Form

Mozart: Symphony No. 41 (Jupiter) Important Musical Elements

A, b, c, d, and e motives. They're pretty much all invertible, so Mozart could combine them in all sorts of different ways using Fux counterpoint techniques (counterpoint learned from studying JS Bach). Apotheosis in the Coda (that's where this 5 part canon comes in).

Beethoven: Symphony Important Musical Elements

Beethoven's Heroic style: Kampf und Sieg (struggle and victory)- Fate will not defeat me. Music becomes a metaphor for human struggle and overcoming. The main theme is like a protagonist who faces opposition but ultimately overcomes it- in the Coda, the main melody doesn't have that descending line at the end, it is triumphant Those neapolitan chords (m 276ish) that sound pretty dissonant, then resolve to V- I; Beethoven's not breaking the rules, but he's stretching them.

Beethoven: Piano Sonata Historical Background/Context

Beethoven: abusive father. Also a child prodigy, also lived in Vienna, where he was very popular. Royalty loved him, even though he didn't seem to love them back. Beethoven studied with Haydn though he wanted to study with Mozart but Mozart died a year before he came to Vienna. Called "pathetique" as in pathos- arousing emotion; this movement evokes pain and grief, and the resistance to it. Pathetique was the piece that set Beethoven apart from the rest; he made a name for himself.

J. C. Bach: Concerto Form

Combination of Baroque Ritornello Form and Classical Sonata Form; Double-Exposition Sonata Form (aka classical-era concerto form). Orchestral Exposition, Solo Exposition, Each of the Episodes are the Expo, Development, and Recap

Haydn: The Creation Historical Background/Context

Composed in LONDON. The SUBLIME- not beautiful; much bigger than that. Vast, Complex, Obscure, Terrifying, even Painful. The Libretto was originally written for Handel, whom Haydn sought to imitate. Barron Gottfried von Swieten helped adjust lyrics to make German and English texts parallel

Important Musical Elements

Different Musical styles for the different themes (singing style, learned style, sturm und drang, etc). Brings unity within all this diversity by recalling little bits of earlier textures and rhythms. It's subtle but noticeable if you pay attention.

Mozart: Don Giovanni The Characters:

Don Giovanni is the protag, he's a serial adulterer that we love to hate. Leporello is his servant; he helps Don Giovanni do bad stuff but at least he feels bad about it, Sings in the style of whoever he's with. Donna Anna is the noble lady Giovanni tries to seduce. The Commendatore is her father. Donna Elvira is a former lover of Don Giovanni's; she loves him and wants him to repent. Zerlina and Masetto are the peasants that just got married, so Don Giovanni tries to seduce the bride

Haydn: The Creation Look For:

English and German lyrics given

J. C. Bach: Concerto Historical Background/Context

JC Bach was a strong influence on Mozart. Lived in London and was the most important musician there in his day. Known as "The London Bach". J.S. Bach's youngest son, C.P.E. Bach's half brother. Meant these to be performed for amateur musicians at home. When Mozart came to London, at 10 years old, so did J.C. Bach. Mozart idolized and imitated J.C. Bach.

Beethoven: String Quartet Historical Background/Context

From Beethoven's late Period (1815-1827). He was almost totally deaf by this time. Most of his works are bigger, more complex, took longer to write. Beethoven became more obsessed with counterpoint, smoothing out the seams between sections/movements, variation style, and mysticism/spirituality. Written after Beethoven recovered from a severe illness.

Important Musical Elements

Imitates vocal genres: chorale, recitative, and aria. 3rd mvmt.- take chorale melody and elaborate it polyphonically written in F Lydian, considered a brighter mode. Beethoven demands of his listeners to ask: what does this mean extra musically?

Mozart: Don Giovanni Historical Context:

In Mozart's day, opera buffa was better than opera seria. Mozart blurred the line between them, (See Opera seria when Donna Anna and Commandatore sing) Mozart's greatest achievement was his dramatic characterization. He communicates what the characters are thinking and feeling through the music. Based on story of Don Juan. Librettist: Lorenzo Da Ponte Mozart also wrote: Marriage of Figaro. Cosi fan Tutte, Magic Flute, The abduction of Seraglio

Mozart: Piano Concerto Historical Background/Context

Influenced by the JC Bach piece. Mozart wrote pieces like this to perform himself, sold subscriptions to the concerts. He put on a good show. Concertos had been around since Baroque times, but PIANO concertos were a hot new thing. They combine elements from the Baroque and the Classical

Mozart: Symphony No. 41 (Jupiter) Listen For:

It's pretty much always forte and high-energy. Full orchestra. 'D r f m' theme

Mozart: Don Giovanni Look For:

Italian text- this one is easy

Mozart: Don Giovanni The Story:

Leporello wants to be a nobleman, stands guard while Giovanni tries to seduce Donna Anna. They come out arguing, her father appears and challenges Giovanni to a duel. He loses and dies. Everything is in an uproar. At the end of the opera, the ghost of her father drags Giovanni down to hell. Whoa

Beethoven: Symphony Listen For:

Main theme (d m d s d m ss). Big orchestra, loud, more Romantic sounding than the Mozart. Repeated off-beat accents!

Mozart: Piano Sonata Historical Background/Context

Mozart: Child prodigy, his father and sister were great musicians as well. His father was kind of a control freak, strained their adult relationship. Lived as an adult in Vienna (last 10 years of his life), which was like the New York of Europe for German-speakers. A great piano virtuoso of his day. Performed piano when it was relatively new (decayed quickly, fewer octaves)

Mozart: Symphony No. 41 (Jupiter) Historical Background/Context

Nickname Jupiter: Links it to the highest Roman god, implying that is represents the summit of musical achievement, SUBLIME. Mozart's Last Symphony One of his most popular symphonies

Beethoven: String Quartet Look For:

Only 4 staves (strings)

J. C. Bach: Concerto Important Musical Elements

Orchestra always stops for the cadenza on a I6/4 chord, then the soloist finished up with a V7 chord, and they come back together on I. It's a CADENCE, that's why it's called a CADENZA, yeah? Singing themes, galant style, elegant figurations, fluid keyboard writing (sounds like Mozart) CADENZA NOT WRITTEN OUT (Cadenza ad libitum) Orchestra just as important as soloist in accordance with classical ideals of balance and proportion

Mozart: Piano Concerto Listen For:

Orchestra with solo piano (older sounding piano)

Beethoven: Piano Sonata Listen For:

Piano solo in minor throughout

Mozart: Piano Concerto Look For:

Piano staves smack in the middle of the orchestra. Super awkward

Beethoven: Symphony Look For:

Really small print :)

Haydn: The Creation Form

Recitative, Chorus, Recitative

Mozart: Symphony No. 41 (Jupiter) Form

SONATA FORM. Unusual for a Finale movement, but there you go

Mozart: Piano Sonata Form

SONATA FORM; The whole piece has three movements (fast-slow-fast) but we only care about the first one.

Mozart: Don Giovanni Form

Scene 1 Leporello Aria (ABCBDB'). It's pretty short, maybe a minute and a half; Trio: Donna Anna, Don Giovanni, Leporello, (arguing donna anna mad); Trio: Don Giovanni, Commendatore, Leporello (Part 1: the duel); Trio: after stabbing same as above, (Part 2: The commendatore dies). Scene 2: Recitative dialogue- Don Giovanni and Leporello

Haydn: The Creation Listen For:

Singing in English (soloist or chorus)

Beethoven: Piano Sonata Important Musical Elements

Slow introduction Written like a symphony; he wanted you to take it seriously. More rubato and more dynamic contrast than Haydn or Mozart. "First person" writing rather than third person. Exposition is like a "rant"- constant pounding, no letup Emotion is communicated more through RHYTHM than melody. Climax is expressive rather than structural. Coda: Almost like a memory, no acccents, no downbeats, fragment of slow introduction, as if conquered the pain and grief Extreme back and forth in tempo.

Mozart: Piano Sonata Listen For:

Solo Piano, classical sounding (idk)

Mozart: Don Giovanni Listen For:

Solo singers, Italian

Beethoven: Symphony Form

Sonata Form. Development is twice as long as the Exposition, which is unusual. Coda is also very long, to help balance the long development. This is a LONG movement; longer than some entire symphonies from previous generations. "Organic" composition- one little seed grows throughout the whole piece. Coda resolves the piece not harmonically but expressively. Fugato in the Development (fugue-like area in a non-fugue piece). New theme presented in the middle of the development IS related to the primary theme as we learn from the sketches

Beethoven: Piano Sonata Form

Sonata Form. Slow introduction to both the Expo AND the Development (that is especially unusual). Slow introduction returns again at the coda

J. C. Bach: Concerto Listen For:

Strings only playing with old-timey piano. Sounds very classical

Beethoven: String Quartet Listen For:

Strings only. 3rd movement: slow and reverent (mostly)

Mozart: Don Giovanni Important Musical Elements

The music reflects the characters: Simple melody for a simple servant, opera seria for the nobility Patter singing for Leporello (lots of words coming fast on mostly repeated notes). Lots of text painting everywhere. Goes straight from one thing into the next without giving the audience time to clap (so it doesn't break the flow)

Mozart: Piano Sonata Look For:

Two staves, lots of lines per page, idk

Beethoven: Symphony Historical Background/Context

Written during Beethoven's middle, "Heroic" period (1803-1814), which is when he wrote most of his symphonies. This is when he started going deaf; went to Heiligenstadt and wrote the H. Testament; Beethoven sees himself as an Artist- not just writing to make a living, writing because he is divinely inspired and can't stop until he's said what he needs to say, what the world needs from him. We learn a lot about this symphony from studying Beethoven's sketches; he was one of the first composers to present them. Originally called "Bonaparte" but after Napoleon blew it in Beethoven's eyes, he renamed in Eroica and dedicated it "to the memory of a great man"

Mozart: Piano Concerto Important Musical Elements

Written out cadenza at the end. The balance between orchestra and soloist is equal; not one better than the other. Mozart uses the Transition material as the Ritornello. Mozart's melodies are lyrical (Haydn's are motivic). Balanced phrases/Periodic Phrases