M4: Goal setting
goal setting program phases
Intake, Assessment, & Scheduling --> Education -->Acquisition --> Practice, Implementation, & Evaluation --> Self-regulation
self-regulation phase
active in systematic, effective goal setting process
results
athletes with higher levels of ability: set more freq goals, found them to be more effective, more eager to participate
perceptual cognitive skills
attention, take a lot of info in and use it
user-friendly
client can incorporate efficiently
spectrum of goal setting: process--> performance--> outcome
controllable/adaptable, guides your focus, data focus -----> uncontrollable, guides your purpose of playing (for a medal), emotion focus
questionnaire included...
demographics, freq of goal setting, effectiveness of goal setting, effort expanded to achieve goals, barriers to achieving goals, ranking goal preference for 8 diff competitive goals
phase: education + acquisition
educate on effective goal setting principles which can lead to improved performance, user-friendly goal-setting strategy
strong correlations found btwn
effort and eagerness to facilitate own progression, freq and effort, persistence and attention to tasks, effectiveness of performers to want to succeed and extra effort
goal type: performance
focus of goal is on achieving performance standard (breaking 100 in 18 holes in golf, measurable) tend to be more controllable than outcome goals
goal type: process
focus of goal is on executing skill successfully most controllable goal
goal type: outcome
focus of goal is on result of event, season, career success depends on numerous uncontrollable factors long-term
when should you evaluate your progress and goals
frequently and consistently
study: the effects of goal setting on basketball performance
goal setting used to direct performance, inc perf outcomes, maintain already high perf levels
what does systematic and empirical mean
goals need to be set daily/weekly, short and long term empirical: need to measure and evaluate, what new goals should we set or adapt the goals so that we can achieve them
how to set goals effectively
have a mixture of the different types of goals
technical/tactical skill example
high sport IQ, know a lot about the cognitive aspects of sports
purpose of study
how setting short and long term goals affects basketball players
discussion
hypotheses were supported
the effect of whether goal setting increases or decreases positive changes is dependent on
ideal goal type balance, ideal goal setting process, effective evaluation and adaptation, adherence/persistence at goal setting
phase: assessment
identify existing goal setting strategies, ascertain influential contexts (factors: physical, technical, tactical, perceptual, emotional)
what are two characteristics that describe the process of effective goal setting
it is a dynamic process that is systematic and empirical goal setting is not an event
checklist for self-regulation phase
measurable? challenging, attainable? target completion date? process, performance, outcome? training or competition? contingency plan? eval and adjustment plan?
what can a sports psych prof do to help someone with their goal setting
mix of diff types of goals, provide feedback on how to improve goals, help them to try to set/achieve/evaluate goals on their own
goal subtypes
objective, subjective
goal types
outcome, performance, process
barriers to effective goal setting
performance/outcome goals dominate, failure to allocate adequate time, lack of specificity, setting too many goals (prioritization), absence of evaluation, no adjustment of goals
How does goal setting work?
1. provide direction and mobilize intensity of efforts 2. guide attention (focus/concentration) 3. frame skill acquisition + practice structure 4. modify affect and confidence
methods
13 players, 16-20 yrs, given goal setting questionnaire
goals are used to
provide direction and enhance focus, the ability to effecively set goals improves with practice
the best mixture of goals
pyramid: most process goals on bottom, medium amount of performance goals in the middle, small amount of outcome goals on the top
goal setting influences
self-efficacy, attention, affect, motivation
hypothesis
setting short term goals would be beneficial, effectiveness of goals would inc through goal frequency, long-term goal setting will give instant feedback to inc motivation
characteristics of effective goal setting
specific time, measurable, challenging but attainable, short + long-term, balance of all types of goals, spend more time to train than compete, systematically evaluate and adapt
objective vs subjective subtype goal
systematically measurable vs less measurable high individual variability
how did they measure the goals in the basketball study
used a season long goal setting intervention to measure, short term vs long term, measured in an authentic area not a lab
evaluation questions
were goals accomplished? measurable defecits? adjustment to goals/ time? accountability celebrate accomplishments look to future
who uses goal setting more, women or men
women