Mana 3001 - Exam 2

If the probability that high effort would lead to good performance was zero, expectancy theory would predict that motivation would be: increasing over time zero high moderate

zero

My second commandment, discussed in the voice-over PowerPoint slide show and in class, says that: The good leader is a good motivator. Motivation must be aimed. Motivation is critical for organizational success. Please see Commandment #1.

Motivation must be aimed.

The rational model of decision making assumes that the decision makers:​ have a consistent system of preferences. are aware of all possibilities. have outcomes that will be completely rational. can calculate the probability of success for each alternative. All of the above.

All of the above.

Which of the following is the primary problem associated with the specialization of jobs in the scientific management approach? Involvement in too much of the production cycle Slow pace of work Boredom Lower efficiency Too frequent social interaction with others

Boredom

In the reading, "At Zappos: Pushing shoes and a vision", the vision concerns: higher pay and better benefits for all Zappos employees. a new approach to corporate marketing. going back to a classic approach to managing people. Holacracy, a radical approach to managing people, that isn't working as well as Zappos would like

Holacracy, a radical approach to managing people, that isn't working as well as Zappos would like

Which approach to motivation would you predict to be the most useful with improving the performance of management personnel? Behavior Modification Management by Objectives Expectancy Work redesign

Management by Objectives

Which of the following programs ties a worker's earnings to the number of units produced by the worker? Merit pay program Piecework program Profit-sharing program Employee stock option program Gain-sharing program

Piecework program

Which of the following pay systems would expectancy theory suggest should be used to motivate the performance of employees? Weekly, rather than monthly pay Salary pay for everyone Hourly pay Profit sharing

Profit sharing

When faced with a problem in performance due to ability, which of the following alternatives should be your last and final step? Refit or redefine your expectations. Release (fire) the person. Retrain the person. Reassign the person to another job

Release (fire) the person.

Which of the following statements is true of sociotechnical systems (STS) discussed in the text and in class? STS believes that social issues are irrelevant in job design. STS emphasizes teamwork and the use of Self-Directed Work Teams STS is based on Taylor's view of Scientific Management. STS is completely different from lean production methods.

STS emphasizes teamwork and the use of Self-Directed Work Teams

The attitude, "if I don't watch the employees, they won't work hard" is characteristic of: Sociotechnical systems. Theory X management. Theory Y management. Scientific Management. the Job Enlargement approach.

Theory X management.

According to McClelland' described in the text, which of the following is true of people with a high need for achievement?​ They set goals that are moderately difficult, but achievable. They prefer to work alone, regardless of the task. They have no problem if external events interfere with their progress. They set goals that are simple and easy to achieve.

They set goals that are moderately difficult, but achievable.

According to the text, which of the following statements is true in the context of risk aversion?​ Younger managers are more risk averse than older managers. Less experienced managers are more risk averse than more experienced managers. Women are more risk averse than men. Successful managers are more risk averse than unsuccessful managers.

Women are more risk averse than men.

According to the PowerPoint slide show, one of the advantages of group decision making over individual decision making is that decisions: are more likely to be accepted. are always going to be better. are unaffected by group dynamics. are faster.

are more likely to be accepted.

Doug is an employee of McDowell Instruments. Doug takes longer breaks than his coworkers, and often rationalizes his behavior because the organization does not pay him enough for the level of work that he does. According to the text, Doug is reducing his perceived inequity by changing his inputs. altering his perception of self. changing the object of comparison. altering his perception of the situation. changing his outcomes.

changing his inputs.

When I first started using candy as a reinforcement in class, I followed a _________ reinforcement schedule. intermittent variable ratio random continuous

continuous

All of the following are used in the nominal group technique of decision-making EXCEPT: members take turns giving their reactions to the ideas. the issue is described to the group. individuals get together as a group to address an issue. each idea is proposed publicly by a member of the group.

each idea is proposed publicly by a member of the group.

In the article on pay secrecy, the author argues that: when people talk about pay, they become unhappy and everyone loses. your co-workers are probably making more money than you. employers can get away with paying people less when pay is kept secret. talking about money is illegal in many states.

employers can get away with paying people less when pay is kept secret.

Jim purchases stock in a public company and refuses to sell it even after repeated drops in the original price he paid for the stock. Jim has decided to purchase more of the stock in anticipation of making a profit, and has decided to keep the stock in the face of increasing losses. Jim is suffering from ____________. groupthink. problem misidentification. escalation of commitment. organizational delusion. suboptimizing.

escalation of commitment.

Expansions on goal-setting theory argue that goal-directed effort is a function of four goal attributes: goal acceptance, feedback, goal specificity and goal importance goal attainability goal clarity goal prevalence goal difficulty

goal difficulty

One of the reasons managers face limits to their rationality is that they:​ are aware of all of the alternatives. have a consistent system of preferences. must make decisions under risk and time pressures. calculate the probability of success for each alternative.

must make decisions under risk and time pressures.

In the article you read about how Uber drivers decide how long to work, the researchers found that: newer Uber drivers acted in ways contrary to rational economic thought and common sense. Uber drivers were sometimes rational, but tended to be less rational when driving difficult riders. Uber drivers were relatively rational in their decisions. Uber drivers were extremely rational, making decisions consistent with what economists would predict.

newer Uber drivers acted in ways contrary to rational economic thought and common sense.

Based on Maslow's hierarchy, ____ needs are the most basic requirements that people possess, and the first ones to be satisfied. physiological growth esteem self-actualization security

physiological

A _____ is described in the text as a small group of employees who work voluntarily on company time, typically one hour per week, to address work-related problems such as quality control, cost reduction, production planning and techniques, and even product design.​ executive council planning team social group quality circle

quality circle

According to the PowerPoint slide show on employee participation, the form of participation that is most effective in improving job satisfaction and productivity and will be the approach of the 21st century is: quality circles. representative participation. self-directed work teams. All of the above.

self-directed work teams.

When groupthink occurs, silence is viewed as agreement. This most directly contributes to which of the following problems? shared illusion of unanimity stereotyped views of "enemy" leaders collective efforts to rationalize or dismiss warnings unquestioned belief in the group's inherent morality shared illusion of invulnerability

shared illusion of unanimity

According to the Job Characteristics Model, _____ is the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work.​ task variety autonomy task identity feedback task significance

task identity

Job enlargement involves the process of horizontal job loading, meaning that the employee is assigned more tasks to perform. the employee is assigned less monotonous and routine tasks. the employee is assigned tasks with more responsibility. each employee is given a specialized task to perform. the jobs are broken into small, component parts.

the employee is assigned more tasks to perform.

The basic expectancy framework suggests that for motivated behavior to occur, none of the valences for the relevant potential outcomes should be negative. the positive valences should outweigh the negative valences of potential outcomes. the performance-to-outcome expectancies should approach zero. the effort-to-performance ratio should be well above 10. the sum of all the valences for the relevant potential outcomes must be negative.

the positive valences should outweigh the negative valences of potential outcomes.

In the PowerPoint slide show, it was argued that the problem of "framing" in decision making is that decisions will be affected by: how salient the relevant information is. the timing of the decision. whether or not the decision is structured. whether the decision is presented in terms of losing or in terms of winning.

whether the decision is presented in terms of losing or in terms of winning.