Marriage and Family Midterm

A person who believed in the "family-decline" theory might say the following:

"There has been a serious breakdown in marriage and family values."

Over ___________ people are living with HIV or full-blown AIDS.

1 million

AIDS was first identified in what year?

1981

Today, women compose __________ percent of Congress.

20

About __________ percent of all American children are expected to live in a single-parent household at some point in their lives.

25

Individuals living alone constitute about ______ percent of American households.

27

Individuals living alone now make up __________ percent of U.S. households.

27

In 2011, nearly _____ percent of cohabiting couples lived with children under 18—either their own or those from a previous relationship or marriage.

40

Today, only about __________ percent of American households fit the 1950s nuclear family ideal of a married couple with children, where only the husband is employed.

5

About __________ percent of Americans say that they favor legal marriage for same-sex couples.

60

By 2013 it was estimated that _________ percent of U.S. women aged 19 through 44 had ever cohabited.

65

Almost __________ percent of young adults say they believe in "one true love."

75

According to the text, women full-time employees earn __________ percent of what employed men do.

79

__________ are the most likely of all ethnic/racial categories to intermarry.

American Indians

__________ theory suggests that people tend to marry others whose social currency—social class, education, physical attractiveness—is similar to their own.

Exchange

Which of the following is true about the age at marriage today?

It is the highest recorded since the 1890 census.

Social scientist Ira Reiss has proposed what he calls a "__________ theory" of love.

WHEEL

Research suggests several qualities to look for when choosing a spouse. Which of the following is NOT one of those qualities?

a physically attractive, healthy person

The text cites four social factors that may encourage young people today to postpone marriage or not to marry at all. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

a rejection of marriage as an institution

Regardless of the circumstances, Julie believes that nonmarital intercourse is wrong for both women and men. Julie's point of view reflects which standard of nonmarital sex?

abstinence

Men are expected to have _________ character traits like strength, self-confidence, assertiveness, and ambition.

agentic

Contemporary sexism denies that gender discrimination persists and includes the belief that women

are asking for too much

In 1957, the total fertility rate was about 3.6 children per woman. For the last 25 years, it has been __________ child/children per woman.

around two

In much of the world, particularly in parts of Asia and Africa that are less Westernized, parents have traditionally __________ their children's marriages.

arranged

Children receive most of their sexual knowledge________.

at home from mothers and female family members.

Adults with a(n) __________ attachment style shun or evade emotional closeness.

avoidant

The __________ perspective argues that human physiology, genetics, and hormones predispose individuals to certain behaviors.

biosocial

Which major advance in the 1960s made sexual activity more widespread?

birth control pill

Some adults who live with their parents have never moved out, but others — called _________ — have left home and then returned.

boomerangers

A sense of one's sexual identity begins in _________.

childhood

Arranged marriage has been the tradition in __________ societies, where decisions are made based on strong extended family ties.

collectivist

Of the components of consummate love, which is the most gradual to develop?

commitment

A __________ is a situation or place characterized by group living.

commune

In the exchange perspective, what a person expects out of a relationship is referred to as

comparison level

In Robert Sternberg's typology, __________ love is composed of all three dimensions of his theory.

consummate

The 1990s saw the emergence of a new brand of marital infidelity: adultery on the net, or __________.

digital infidelity

A legally or policy-defined relationship between two individuals who live together and share a domestic life but are not married is called a

domestic partnershi

Jane married a man from her own social group. Her marital behavior illustrates

endogamy

According to the wheel of love theory, there are four stages in the development of love. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

erotic

A relative absence of assertiveness and ambition characterizes our expectations of women, who are thought to embody __________ character traits.

expressive

Warmth, sensitivity, tenderness, and placing concern about others' welfare above self-interest can be classified as __________ character traits.

expressive

Many households containing grandparents are __________ family households, which include other relatives besides parents and children.

extended

Family togetherness, stability, and loyalty are all examples of

familistic (communal) values

Scholars and advocates with a __________ perspective argue that we need to view the family from a historical standpoint.

family change

Scholars and advocates with a __________ perspective point to what they see as a negative cultural change accentuated by excessive individualism and self-indulgence.

family decline

Research finds that black couples prefer more role ________ and power sharing than whites.

flexibility

Michael is a stay-at-home father and feels pressure from society to watch football on TV, enjoy action movies, play basketball on the weekends, and bring home a bigger paycheck than his corporate executive wife. What is this societal pressure called?

gender expectations

Dorothy perceives herself as being ultra-feminine, based on society's definitions of appropriate gender roles. Dorothy's perceptions are linked to her

gender identity.

In all couple types—gay, lesbian, heterosexual cohabitants, and married couples—within each group, sexual satisfaction was associated with

general relationship satisfaction.

Representative samples (like Gallup polls) are important to family survey research because the results can be ________ to the national population of the sample.

generalized

Propinquity is also known as

geographic availability

More than__________ of all nonmarital births occur to cohabiting couples.

half

Differences will arise in a satisfying long-term relationship because no two individuals ___________.

have exactly the same points of view

Americans tend to marry people of similar race, age, education, religious background, and social class. This behavior reflects

homogamy

The Census Bureau uses which of the following terms to describe a person or a group of people residing together?

household

Exchange theory stresses the importance of __________ in family relationships.

how family members use their resources to trade with other family members

Family researchers will often generate a __________, or "educated guess" about the way things are, based on their theoretical orientation.

hypothesis

Compared to 50 years ago, marriage is not as __________ to Americans.

important

The proportion of middle-aged cohabiters has _____ over the past two decades.

increased

Adults with a(n) __________ attachment style exhibit possible negative behaviors such as unwarranted jealousy or attempts to control one's partner due to "fear of abandonment."

insecure/anxious

Confidence, assertiveness, and ambition can be classified as __________ character traits.

instrumental

According to the ___________ perspective, children develop self-concepts based on feedback from those around them.

interaction-constructionist

The __________ model of sexual satisfaction explores the costs and rewards of a sexual relationship.

interpersonal exchange

In 1967, in the case of Loving v. Virginia, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that

interracial marriage must be considered legally valid in all states.

An emerging alternative to marriage is __________, where a couple is engaged in a long-term relationship, but each partner also maintains a separate dwelling.

living apart together

John Alan Lee classified six

love styles

According to the text, over time, cohabitation has become

mainstream

Consider this statement: "If I can get him/her to do what I want done, then I'll be sure he/she loves me." This reflects

manipulation.

The text reports that, after age, __________ was the second largest predictor of sexual frequency.

marital satisfaction

According to the text, more and more women are entering nontraditional occupations such as

military

Most mainstream pornography can be considered _________, exhibiting hatred, dislike, mistrust or general disregard for women.

misogynistic

Children are __________ likely than the general population or the elderly to be living in poverty.

more

The child population of the U.S. is ________ racially and ethnically diverse than the adult population.

more

Compared to married couples, cohabitors are all EXCEPT which of the following?

more sexually conservative

In 2014, __________ percent of young adults aged 18-24 lived with their parents.

more than 50

The likelihood of divorce declines with _________.

more years of education

In the 1950s, the nonmarital pregnancy rate was __________ in comparison with today.

much lower

The climate, soil, plants, and animals are all part of the __________ environment.

natural physical-biological

In __________________ the researcher spends extensive time with respondents and carefully records their activities, conversations, gestures, and other aspects of everyday life.

naturalistic observation

Of the components of consummate love, which is the quickest to develop and the quickest to fade?

passion

Particularly among college educated women, parenthood is _________.

postponed

A feminine expectation that has emerged over the past thirty years is that of the "__________ woman," who is independent, ambitious, and self-confident.

professional

As the age of puberty has declined, the age at marriage has ___________

risen

Adults with a(n) __________ attachment style are inclined to trust that their relationships will provide ongoing emotional support.

secure

__________ refers to male or female anatomy and physiology

sex

One of the most striking changes over the past several decades has been the emergence of __________ issues as political controversies.

sexual; reproductive

Statistics on women in politics highlight that women - who make up over 50 percent of the U.S. population - are ________ in high government positions.

significantly underrepresented

The process by which society influences members to internalize attitudes and expectations is called

socialization

What is assisted reproductive technology (ART)?

the manipulation of sperm and/or egg in the absence of sexual intercourse that may involve a third party

According to the__________ perspective, dating couples choose either to stay committed or to break up by weighing the rewards of their relationship against its costs.

to exchange

Women _____ men in the proportion of the population who are college graduates.

to surpass

Psychologist Robert Sternberg proposed a __________ theory of love.

triangular

Cohabiting couples are __________ as likely as marrieds to be interracial.

twice

A majority of children live in __________ households.

two parent

Images of men as instrumental and women as expressive are based on

white, middle-class heterosexuals.

In its original form, the double standard meant that

women should not have sex before or outside of marriage, but men can.