Marriage and Family Midterm
A person who believed in the "family-decline" theory might say the following:
"There has been a serious breakdown in marriage and family values."
Over ___________ people are living with HIV or full-blown AIDS.
1 million
AIDS was first identified in what year?
1981
Today, women compose __________ percent of Congress.
20
About __________ percent of all American children are expected to live in a single-parent household at some point in their lives.
25
Individuals living alone constitute about ______ percent of American households.
27
Individuals living alone now make up __________ percent of U.S. households.
27
In 2011, nearly _____ percent of cohabiting couples lived with children under 18—either their own or those from a previous relationship or marriage.
40
Today, only about __________ percent of American households fit the 1950s nuclear family ideal of a married couple with children, where only the husband is employed.
5
About __________ percent of Americans say that they favor legal marriage for same-sex couples.
60
By 2013 it was estimated that _________ percent of U.S. women aged 19 through 44 had ever cohabited.
65
Almost __________ percent of young adults say they believe in "one true love."
75
According to the text, women full-time employees earn __________ percent of what employed men do.
79
__________ are the most likely of all ethnic/racial categories to intermarry.
American Indians
__________ theory suggests that people tend to marry others whose social currency—social class, education, physical attractiveness—is similar to their own.
Exchange
Which of the following is true about the age at marriage today?
It is the highest recorded since the 1890 census.
Social scientist Ira Reiss has proposed what he calls a "__________ theory" of love.
WHEEL
Research suggests several qualities to look for when choosing a spouse. Which of the following is NOT one of those qualities?
a physically attractive, healthy person
The text cites four social factors that may encourage young people today to postpone marriage or not to marry at all. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
a rejection of marriage as an institution
Regardless of the circumstances, Julie believes that nonmarital intercourse is wrong for both women and men. Julie's point of view reflects which standard of nonmarital sex?
abstinence
Men are expected to have _________ character traits like strength, self-confidence, assertiveness, and ambition.
agentic
Contemporary sexism denies that gender discrimination persists and includes the belief that women
are asking for too much
In 1957, the total fertility rate was about 3.6 children per woman. For the last 25 years, it has been __________ child/children per woman.
around two
In much of the world, particularly in parts of Asia and Africa that are less Westernized, parents have traditionally __________ their children's marriages.
arranged
Children receive most of their sexual knowledge________.
at home from mothers and female family members.
Adults with a(n) __________ attachment style shun or evade emotional closeness.
avoidant
The __________ perspective argues that human physiology, genetics, and hormones predispose individuals to certain behaviors.
biosocial
Which major advance in the 1960s made sexual activity more widespread?
birth control pill
Some adults who live with their parents have never moved out, but others — called _________ — have left home and then returned.
boomerangers
A sense of one's sexual identity begins in _________.
childhood
Arranged marriage has been the tradition in __________ societies, where decisions are made based on strong extended family ties.
collectivist
Of the components of consummate love, which is the most gradual to develop?
commitment
A __________ is a situation or place characterized by group living.
commune
In the exchange perspective, what a person expects out of a relationship is referred to as
comparison level
In Robert Sternberg's typology, __________ love is composed of all three dimensions of his theory.
consummate
The 1990s saw the emergence of a new brand of marital infidelity: adultery on the net, or __________.
digital infidelity
A legally or policy-defined relationship between two individuals who live together and share a domestic life but are not married is called a
domestic partnershi
Jane married a man from her own social group. Her marital behavior illustrates
endogamy
According to the wheel of love theory, there are four stages in the development of love. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
erotic
A relative absence of assertiveness and ambition characterizes our expectations of women, who are thought to embody __________ character traits.
expressive
Warmth, sensitivity, tenderness, and placing concern about others' welfare above self-interest can be classified as __________ character traits.
expressive
Many households containing grandparents are __________ family households, which include other relatives besides parents and children.
extended
Family togetherness, stability, and loyalty are all examples of
familistic (communal) values
Scholars and advocates with a __________ perspective argue that we need to view the family from a historical standpoint.
family change
Scholars and advocates with a __________ perspective point to what they see as a negative cultural change accentuated by excessive individualism and self-indulgence.
family decline
Research finds that black couples prefer more role ________ and power sharing than whites.
flexibility
Michael is a stay-at-home father and feels pressure from society to watch football on TV, enjoy action movies, play basketball on the weekends, and bring home a bigger paycheck than his corporate executive wife. What is this societal pressure called?
gender expectations
Dorothy perceives herself as being ultra-feminine, based on society's definitions of appropriate gender roles. Dorothy's perceptions are linked to her
gender identity.
In all couple types—gay, lesbian, heterosexual cohabitants, and married couples—within each group, sexual satisfaction was associated with
general relationship satisfaction.
Representative samples (like Gallup polls) are important to family survey research because the results can be ________ to the national population of the sample.
generalized
Propinquity is also known as
geographic availability
More than__________ of all nonmarital births occur to cohabiting couples.
half
Differences will arise in a satisfying long-term relationship because no two individuals ___________.
have exactly the same points of view
Americans tend to marry people of similar race, age, education, religious background, and social class. This behavior reflects
homogamy
The Census Bureau uses which of the following terms to describe a person or a group of people residing together?
household
Exchange theory stresses the importance of __________ in family relationships.
how family members use their resources to trade with other family members
Family researchers will often generate a __________, or "educated guess" about the way things are, based on their theoretical orientation.
hypothesis
Compared to 50 years ago, marriage is not as __________ to Americans.
important
The proportion of middle-aged cohabiters has _____ over the past two decades.
increased
Adults with a(n) __________ attachment style exhibit possible negative behaviors such as unwarranted jealousy or attempts to control one's partner due to "fear of abandonment."
insecure/anxious
Confidence, assertiveness, and ambition can be classified as __________ character traits.
instrumental
According to the ___________ perspective, children develop self-concepts based on feedback from those around them.
interaction-constructionist
The __________ model of sexual satisfaction explores the costs and rewards of a sexual relationship.
interpersonal exchange
In 1967, in the case of Loving v. Virginia, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that
interracial marriage must be considered legally valid in all states.
An emerging alternative to marriage is __________, where a couple is engaged in a long-term relationship, but each partner also maintains a separate dwelling.
living apart together
John Alan Lee classified six
love styles
According to the text, over time, cohabitation has become
mainstream
Consider this statement: "If I can get him/her to do what I want done, then I'll be sure he/she loves me." This reflects
manipulation.
The text reports that, after age, __________ was the second largest predictor of sexual frequency.
marital satisfaction
According to the text, more and more women are entering nontraditional occupations such as
military
Most mainstream pornography can be considered _________, exhibiting hatred, dislike, mistrust or general disregard for women.
misogynistic
Children are __________ likely than the general population or the elderly to be living in poverty.
more
The child population of the U.S. is ________ racially and ethnically diverse than the adult population.
more
Compared to married couples, cohabitors are all EXCEPT which of the following?
more sexually conservative
In 2014, __________ percent of young adults aged 18-24 lived with their parents.
more than 50
The likelihood of divorce declines with _________.
more years of education
In the 1950s, the nonmarital pregnancy rate was __________ in comparison with today.
much lower
The climate, soil, plants, and animals are all part of the __________ environment.
natural physical-biological
In __________________ the researcher spends extensive time with respondents and carefully records their activities, conversations, gestures, and other aspects of everyday life.
naturalistic observation
Of the components of consummate love, which is the quickest to develop and the quickest to fade?
passion
Particularly among college educated women, parenthood is _________.
postponed
A feminine expectation that has emerged over the past thirty years is that of the "__________ woman," who is independent, ambitious, and self-confident.
professional
As the age of puberty has declined, the age at marriage has ___________
risen
Adults with a(n) __________ attachment style are inclined to trust that their relationships will provide ongoing emotional support.
secure
__________ refers to male or female anatomy and physiology
sex
One of the most striking changes over the past several decades has been the emergence of __________ issues as political controversies.
sexual; reproductive
Statistics on women in politics highlight that women - who make up over 50 percent of the U.S. population - are ________ in high government positions.
significantly underrepresented
The process by which society influences members to internalize attitudes and expectations is called
socialization
What is assisted reproductive technology (ART)?
the manipulation of sperm and/or egg in the absence of sexual intercourse that may involve a third party
According to the__________ perspective, dating couples choose either to stay committed or to break up by weighing the rewards of their relationship against its costs.
to exchange
Women _____ men in the proportion of the population who are college graduates.
to surpass
Psychologist Robert Sternberg proposed a __________ theory of love.
triangular
Cohabiting couples are __________ as likely as marrieds to be interracial.
twice
A majority of children live in __________ households.
two parent
Images of men as instrumental and women as expressive are based on
white, middle-class heterosexuals.
In its original form, the double standard meant that
women should not have sex before or outside of marriage, but men can.
