Mastering A&P chapter 1

Explain why animals are used in research. Are there any limitations to the application of animal data to human physiology? Could these limitations be addressed using cell or tissue culture, or computer simulations?

--

A liver cell responds to insulin by

Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.

________ are kept within normal range by physiological control mechanisms which are used if the variable strays too far from its ________.

Regulated variables, setpoint

Which of the following is the best example of a mechanistic understanding of a function?

Skeletal muscle cells contract when myosin heads bind to actin filaments and myosin heads rotate to produce force.

Which is a definition of clearance?

The volume of a substance cleared from the blood per unit time

Which system(s) does NOT exchange material with the internal and external environments? circulatory system digestive system respiratory system urinary system All of the above.

circulatory system

A scientific investigation in which an individual's response to the treatment can be compared with the individual's own control value is called a __________ study.

crossover

Body cells that respond to insulin include

Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called

homeostasis

The law of mass balance states

if a substance is to remain constant any gain must be offset by an equal loss.

Which term best describes the part of a control system that receives information about a homeostatically regulated variable and initiates an appropriate response?

integrating center

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?

liver cells.

"Glucose is transported from blood into cells by transporters in response to insulin." This type of explanation is

mechanistic

A gene mutation causes the LDL receptor to have a different shape so that it no longer interacts with LDL and receptor-mediated endocytosis is not stimulated to take LDL into cells. LDL then increases in the extracellular fluid, which includes plasma in the bloodstream, causing high blood levels of LDL. LDL is a transport particle for cholesterol, and is known as "bad cholesterol." This is an example of which theme in physiology?

molecular interactions

After a meal, blood glucose increases. Increased blood glucose is the stimulus for a reflex pathway that releases insulin into the blood, and the response is decreased blood glucose. This is an example of which of the following?

negative feedback

"Glucose is transported from blood into cells because cells require glucose to meet their energy needs." This type of explanation is

teleological

Physiology is the study of

the normal function of living organisms.

The following is a list of several levels of organization that make up the human body. 1. tissue 2. cell 3. organ 4. molecule 5. organism 6. organ system The correct order from the smallest to the largest is

4, 2, 1, 3, 6, 5

Individuals with Type I diabetes mellitus do not make enough insulin. Which would be a mechanistic explanation of how insulin is used by the body?

Insulin binds to its receptor which stimulates the movement of glucose transporters to the cell membrane.

Excretion is a function of the body. Which would be considered excretion?

Movement of salt from sweat glands to the surface of the skin

The hormone cortisol is secreted in a circadian rhythm, with the highest levels at breakfast time and lowest around midnight. Which statement is the most likely explanation of this observation?

The homeostatic setpoint for cortisol varies over a 24-hour cycle.

Which of the systems listed in Table 1.1 has parts that include the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes?

The immune system

When blood glucose levels are low

The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

When blood glucose levels are high

The pancreas releases insulin.

A placebo is

a drug or treatment that is expected to have no pharmacological effect.

Homeostasis is the ability of the body to

quickly restore changed conditions to normal.

What is a nocebo effect?

when told of a side effect of a particular medicine actually brings negative effects in the person who takes said medicine