Mastering A&P Chapter 3 Study Guide

During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids move apart?

Anaphase

Which of the following statements is a component of the cell theory? Cells arise from preexisting cells. All cells are composed of the same organelles. DNA is the basis of genetic transfer. Tissues are formed from combinations of cells.

Cells arise from preexisting cells.

What is the basic difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane?

In facilitated diffusion, molecules only move with the aid of a protein in the membrane.

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA duplication, or replication, take place?

Interphase

What is the significance of granulation tissue?

It formed during tissue repair.

During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids line up at the center of the cell?

Metaphase

Which of the following is most likely to move through the cell membrane by facilitated diffusion? O2 Na+ small lipids CO2

Na+

During which phase of mitosis do the nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear?

Prophase

During which of the phases does DNA replication occur?

Synthesis

During which phase of mitosis do nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli reappear?

Telophase

If a person is severely dehydrated, their extracellular fluids will become hypertonic to the intracellular fluid. What do you predict will happen to the person's cells?

The cells will lose water and shrink.

What happens when body cells are placed in a hypertonic solution?

Water leaves the cells and the cells shrink.

What transport process can create a concentration gradient for sodium across the plasma membrane?

active transport

In which phase of mitosis does the number of chromosomes in a cell double?

anaphase

Sometimes an abnormal cell mass can develop in the human body. It can take control of the cell cycle, and cell division can malfunction. Which of the following does NOT describe all neoplasms? cancer tumor "new growth" control of the cell cycle and cell division malfunction abnormal cell mass

cancer

What elements make up 96 percent of the body's weight?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Which type of muscle is characterized by the presence of striations and intercalated discs?

cardiac muscle

This not required for osmosis to occur?

cellular energy

When a double helix of DNA is replicated, two complete helices are formed. Together, these helices are called sister __________.

chromatids

Which of the following is primarily composed of DNA? nuclear envelope nucleolus ribosomes chromatin

chromatin

A large amount of extracellular material is a characteristic of which type of tissue?

connective tissue

What type of tissue has cells that are tightly packed, sits on a basement membrane, is avascular, and is easily regenerated?

epithelium

A vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents to the extracellular fluid. This statement describes _____.

exocytosis

Some transport processes use transport proteins in the plasma membrane, but do not require ATP. This type of transport is known as _____.

facilitated diffusion

The majority of water molecules moving across plasma membranes by osmosis do so via a process that is most similar to ____.

facilitated diffusion

What process permits absorption of glucose into cells?

facilitated diffusion

Which of the following is not a major function of proteins in the cell membrane? anchoring cells to other structures forming channels acting as receptors forming the entire glycocalyx

forming the entire glycocalyx

What type of membrane junction allows ions to pass directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of the adjacent cell?

gap junction

Which of the following solutions contains the most solute?

hypertonic

Where in a typical eukaryotic cell would you expect to find genes?

in the DNA within the cell's nucleus

In which cell stage does DNA replicate?

interphase

Which of the following elements does NOT make up the bulk of living matter? iron hydrogen oxygen carbon nitrogen

iron

In general, to maintain homeostasis the relationship between our intracellular and extracellular fluids should be which of the following?

isotonic to each other

What acts as the digestive system of the cell, breaking down materials?

lysosome

Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease in which acid hydrolase enzymes escape from leaky cellular organelles, causing pain and a burning sensation in joints. The leaky organelles from which these acid hydrolase enzymes escape are the ________.

lysosomes

Some neoplasms are benign while others are malignant. Which of the following descriptions is true for a malignant neoplasm? slow growing may become a killer due to relentless growth seldom kills its host surrounded by a capsule All of these are true descriptions of a malignant neoplasm.

may become a killer due to relentless growth

A primary active transport process is one in which __________.

molecules move through transport proteins that have been activated by ATP

Which of the following best explains diffusion? movement of molecules from where there are fewer of them to where there are more movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration exchange of nonpolar molecules for polar molecules movement of molecules farther away from equilibrium

movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

After a heart attack, the heart's ability to pump is lessened. This is because __________.

non-functional scar tissue replaces functional muscle tissue

What process does water use to move across the plasma membrane?

osmosis

What part of a cell membrane is usually in contact with the interstitial fluid?

phosphate heads of phospholipids

What part of the plasma membrane is hydrophobic?

phospholipid "tails"

Main component of the cell membrane?

phospholipids

When a person is severely burned, fluid accumulates in pockets of skin called blisters. Which of the following cellular structures has been damaged and is the ultimate cause of fluid accumulation?

plasma membrane

The sodium-potassium pump uses ATP to move sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This statement describes _____.

primary active transport

During which of the following phases does chromatin condense and become chromosomes?

prophase

Which of the following lists, in correct order, the phases of mitosis? prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase prophase, metaphase, anaphase, cytokinesis prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Which components add specialized functions to the plasma membrane?

proteins

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major components of a typical eukaryotic cell? plasma membrane cytoplasm ribosome nucleus

ribosome

Which organelle synthesizes proteins that are used in the cytoplasm?

ribosomes that are free within the cytoplasm

Which of the following is a characteristic of the cell membrane? not permeable semipermeable impermeable fully permeable

semipermeable

What tissue is specialized for the rapid diffusion of gases and nutrients across its cells?

simple squamous epithelium

Which of the following is least likely to increase the rate of diffusion? higher concentration of molecules small molecule size high temperature small concentration gradient

small concentration gradient

Which cell junctions prevent substances from passing between adjacent cells?

tight junctions

Which type of tissue is NOT readily repaired if damaged?

tissues whose mature cells are amitotic

What process does a cell use to make an RNA copy of a segment of DNA?

transcription

Which of the following molecules brings the appropriate amino acid to the ribosome during protein synthesis? messenger RNA ribosomal RNA transfer RNA DNA

transfer RNA

Which of the following statements about cells is FALSE? Cells are the most basic units of life. Cells join together to form organelles, which then form our organs and organ systems. The cells in our bodies collectively carry out all of the functions necessary for us to stay alive. Although human cells are diverse in size, shape, and function, they have essentially the same organelles and general structure.

Cells join together to form organelles, which then form our organs and organ systems.

What is the name of the process by which the cytoplasm divides in two?

Cytokinesis

Which of the following lists, in correct order, the phases of interphase? G1, S, and G2 S, cytokinesis, mitosis Prophase, metaphase, telophase G1, prophase, and S

G1, S, and G2

The final processing of proteins "tagged" for secretion occurs in which cellular organelle?

Golgi apparatus

Which organelle is responsible for forming secretory vesicles?

Golgi apparatus