mastering bio 6

Lungs are to breathing as _____ are to cellular respiration.

mitochondria

A scientist wants to study the enzymes of the citric acid cycle in eukaryotic cells. What part of the cell would she use as a source of these enzymes?

mitochondrial matrix

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?

mitochondrion

Which part(s) of cellular respiration take(s) place in the mitochondria?

the Citric Acid cycle and the electron transport chain

During fermentation, __________ that was produced during glycolysis is converted back to __________.

NADH; NAD+

Each turn of the citric acid cycle generates one ATP and ___ additional energy-rich molecules: __________.

four; 3 NADH and 1 FADH2

Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell?

glucose

Glycolysis is the multi-step breakdown of _____. Several different _____ play a role in this process.

glucose ... enzymes

Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.

glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

A chemist has discovered a drug that blocks phosphoglucoisomerase, an enzyme that catalyzes the second reaction in glycolysis. He wants to use the drug to treat people with bacterial infections. However, he can't do this because _____.

human cells also perform glycolysis; the drug might also poison them

Cellular respiration accomplishes two major processes: (1) it breaks glucose down into smaller molecules, and (2) it harvests the chemical energy released and stores it in ATP molecules. By the end of _____, the breakdown of glucose is complete; most ATP molecules are produced during _____.

the Citric Acid cycle ... electron transport

What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

Oxygen accepts high-energy electrons after they are stripped from glucose.

The energy released from the redox reactions in the electron transport chain is used by the cell to make _________

ATP

In cellular respiration, which of the following outcomes is the result of electrons moving through the electron transport chain (or its components)?

A proton gradient is formed.

In cellular respiration, organic molecules become oxidized as _____________picks up electrons and H+ and becomes reduced to NADH.

NAD+

What is the ultimate fate of the electrons that are stripped from glucose during cellular respiration?

They are used to form water.

Which part(s) of cellular respiration require(s) oxygen gas?

the Citric Acid cycle the electron transport chain

In an experiment, mice were fed glucose (C6H12O6) containing a small amount of radioactive oxygen. The mice were closely monitored, and in a few minutes, radioactive oxygen atoms showed up in __________.

carbon dioxide

The transfer of __________ from one molecule to another is an oxidation-reduction reaction, or redox reaction.

electrons

Unlike the Citric Acid cycle and electron transport, glycolysis occurs _____.

in the cytoplasm

In cellular respiration, oxygen becomes to water (H2O) as it gains electrons (in hydrogen atoms) that came from glucose.

reduced

In the first stage of cellular respiration (glycolysis), two molecules of pyruvate are produced. In the remaining stages of cellular respiration, a number of additional products are produced, such as __________. These other stages occur in the __________.

ATP ... mitochondria

Which statement describes glycolysis?

This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

Which statement describes the electron transport chain?

This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

In cellular respiration, glucose becomes ____________to carbon dioxide (CO2) as it loses electrons (in hydrogen atoms).

oxidized

NADH and FADH 2 are important in cellular respiration because they deliver high-energy electrons to the electron transport system. Electron transport produces _____ ATP molecule(s) per NADH molecule and _____ ATP molecules(s) per FADH 2 molecule.

three ... two

In electron transport, high-energy electrons "fall" to oxygen through a series of reactions. The energy released is used to _____.

transport protons into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, where they become concentrated. They then flow back out into the inner compartment (matrix) of the mitochodria. On the way back, protons turn ATP synthase turbines and produce ATP.

What is/are the most important output(s) of glycolysis?

two pyruvic acid and two NADH molecules

Most NADH molecules generated during cellular respiration are produced during __________.

the citric acid cycle

Sunlight is essential for the varied life on Earth. Sunlight provides energy to photosynthetic organisms by providing __________.

the energy necessary to power the rearrangement of chemical bonds in H2O and CO2

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?

This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

Using the ATP generated during cellular respiration, the intermediates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, such as pyruvate and acetyl CoA, can be siphoned off and used to __________.

build amino acids, fats, and sugars

In nutrient-rich environments (like your mouth), bacteria can use the provided amino acids to synthesize their proteins. However, should the environmental conditions change and become nutrient-poor, bacteria would need to synthesize their amino acids. They can do this using __________.

citric acid cycle intermediates

A single glucose molecule produces about 38 molecules of ATP through the process of cellular respiration. However, this only represents approximately 38% of the chemical energy present in this molecule. The rest of the energy from glucose is _____.

converted to heat

During cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized. However, an intermediate __________ can be siphoned off and used to synthesize fats.

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

glycolysis

Sports physiologists at an Olympic training center want to monitor athletes to determine at what point their muscles begin to function anaerobically. They could do this by checking for a buildup of _____.

lactic acid

Recent data suggests that heat-generating brown fat is most active in __________.

lean people exposed to cold temperatures

A molecule that functions as the electron donor in a redox reaction __________.

loses electrons and becomes oxidized

NADH delivers electrons to an electron transport chain, which passes the electrons through carrier molecules in a series of redox reactions to the final electron acceptor________

oxygen

Cellular respiration requires fuel (glucose) and oxygen gas. The main process that produces these inputs is _____.

photosynthesis

Bacteria have no membrane-enclosed organelles. However, some still generate ATP through cellular respiration. Where is the electron transport chain found in these organisms?

plasma membrane