Unit 3 Zoology- chps: 30,31,32,35

explain why the terrestrial environment was such a barrier to aquatic animals and how amphibians overcame this barrier.

-Laying eggs on land requires a means to keep the eggs protected from drying out. Amphibians adapted by living a double life--keeping their aquatic lifestyle for eggs and larvae and saving the land living for the adults. -Air and water have very different characteristics when it comes to respiration. Adult amphibians developed a dual system for respiration: The ability to respire across their skin when on land or in water and through lungs when on land. The larvae and a few adults also use gills in water. -Movement on land requires strong limbs that are able to propel the animal against the pull of gravity. Amphibians incorporated limb muscles with increased skeletal support enabling them to move across the land surface.

Which of the following statements accurately describe respiratory pigments?

-Respiratory pigments have an affinity for oxygen and increase the ability of blood or hemolymph to carry oxygen. -Hemoglobin is associated with red blood cells in mammals.

Most of the whole milk purchased at the store states that it is fortified with vitamin D. Which statements below explain why this is so?

-Vitamin D is a necessary micronutrient that is produced in limited quantities by the body and is found in limited types of foods. Supplementation promotes a healthy body. Vitamin D is a necessary micronutrient that is produced in limited quantities by the body and is found in limited types of foods. Supplementation promotes a healthy body. -Vitamin D promotes the absorption of calcium, so adding it to a calcium-rich food like milk helps the body to make better use of this important mineral.

What are functions of T-helper cells?

-aiding the cell-mediated response -aiding the humoral response -production of clones -response to an antigen presenting cell -secretion of cytokines

Almost all organisms ultimately depend on the sun's energy in order to function. However, some organisms derive energy directly from sunlight, while others harvest energy captured in the bodies of organisms they consume. Rank the following means of obtaining nutrition according to their stepwise distance from the sun. Put in order for those organisms most directly dependent on sunlight.

1) Autotroph 2)Herbivore 3)Omnivore 4)Carnivore

Characteristics of T-helper cells

1) Bind MHC-II 2) CD4+ 3) recognize antigen- presenting cells 4)secrete cytokines 5)bind immune cells

Endotherm Advantages

1) Can maintain quick muscle action in cool environments. 2) Enzymes constantly have ideal temps. 3) can live in cold regions

describe the structure or function of the lymphatic system in vertebrates.

1) Defends the body against disease. 2) returns intercellular fluids to circulatory system 3) has valves 4) take lipids from intestines to circulatory system 5) connected to veins 6) return leaked proteins to the circulatory system

Put the hearts described below into evolutionary order, with the number one representing the most primitive and four the most advanced heart type

1) Two-chambered inline pump with a single circulatory pathway 2)Three-chambered heart with two circulatory pathways but mixing of systemic and pulmonary blood 3)Four-chambered heart with an incomplete separation of pulmonary and systemic pathways in the ventricles 4)Four-chambered heart with complete separation of systemic and pulmonary pathways

B cells secrete immunoglobulins, providing ____1________ immunity, while T cells directly attack pathogens or regulate other immune cells, providing _____2_______ immunity.

1) humoral 2) cellular

Ectoterm Advantages

1) more nutrients spent directly for body growth. 2) does not need calories for body temp. regulation 3) can survive frequent periods without foods

Characteristics of Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

1)work in cell-mediated immunity only. 2)CD8+ 3)causes lysis of target cells

You are doing an undergraduate research project in your zoology professor's laboratory working with rats. Your professor asks you to draw the pathway that controls the reabsorption of sodium ions when the rat's blood pressure drops below normal limits. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events? 1. Aldosterone is released. 2. Kidney tubules reabsorb sodium ions. 3. Renin is released. 4. The juxtaglomerular apparatus recognizes a drop in the rat's blood pressure. 5. Angiotensin is produced.

4, 3, 5, 1, 2

When a phagocyte engulfs a bacterium or other foreign particle, how does it destroy the foreign material in the vacuole?

A cell lysosome is fused with the foreign particle and digestive enzymes destroy the particle

Due to an emergency, there is a shortage of donated blood and an exact match may not be possible for Mary, who is type A negative. Which types of blood could be safely used in this patient?

A negative and O negative

What type(s) of cell(s) conduct(s) phagocytosis?

All of the choices are able to phagocytize: -Macrophages in lymph nodes -Kupffer cells in sinusoids -Microglial cells in the brain -Neutrophils

Compare a small animal that soaks up food from its external environment with an animal with a tube type digestive system. What is/are the major advantage(s) of having a tube?

All of the choices are advantages: -it isolates the food the organism ingests. -it permits the development of specialized enzymes and concentration of digestive juices in different regions. -it permits more time for chemical action. -additional physical cutting and grinding of the food bolus is made possible.

Digestive enzymes

All of the choices are correct: -are hydrolases. -break chemical bonds by adding water across them. -break specific bonds.

In a cold environment, many species of birds and mammals maintain homeothermy by decreasing conductance and

All of the choices are correct: -increasing heat production. -allowing the extremities to operate at low temperatures. -augmented muscle activity (e.g., muscular thermogenesis).

Many people do not realize that plants carry out both photosynthesis and respiration. What advantage do animals have by eating plants or other animals instead of performing photosynthesis to obtain energy?

An animal avoids having to carry out the chemical process of synthesizing its own food (photosynthesis). It simply takes the energy from the plants (directly or indirectly) and can use all the energy directly in respiration.

Which hormone promotes the secretion of antidiuretic hormone?

Angiotensin

____________ carry blood away from the heart.

Arteries

The primary function of the large intestine is to concentrate waste material into a solid form (feces) for elimination of the body. How is this accomplished?

By absorbing large amounts of water.

You notice that some flour beetles have been living in a kitchen canister of "dry" flour for a year. As animals, beetles must have water for internal cellular metabolism, hemolymph, etc. How are they probably getting their water?

By breakdown of sugar into water and carbon dioxide

_________________ is/are a series of proteins activated in a sequence as a response to invading organisms.

Complement

About two-thirds of waste carbon dioxide is carried back to the lungs in higher animals by which method given below?

Dissolved in blood plasma as bicarbonate and hydrogen ions

In theory, it seems possible that a crawling ectotherm, like a snake, could function with a circulatory system like that of a fish. What is it about the system found in fish that makes it impossible for use in upright animals such as the human, horse or giraffe--even if they were not endothermic?

Downward pressure in blood vessels increases with the height of the column of blood. There would not be enough pressure in the vessels after passing through the respiratory capillaries to keep the blood flowing through the body all the way back to the heart.

Which of the following associations of blood components and functions is NOT correct?

Globulins—carriers of simple sugars

Why is glucose found in glomerular filtrate but NOT in the urine?

Glucose is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream

Which statement of red blood cell (RBC) structure or function is correct?

In mammals and birds, RBCs continuously form from erythroblasts in the red bone marrow.

Which represents the proper sequence of teeth from the front to the back of a mammal's mouth if all are present?

Incisors, canine, premolars, molars

What would happen to the breathing rate of a mammal that is masked?

Its breathing rate would increase in response to more carbon dioxide.

A blood pressure reading of 120/80 indicates that the arteries in the arm are generating pressure equivalent to 120 mm of mercury resulting from the contraction of what structure?

Left ventricle

Which of the following absorb water and ions in insects?

Malpighian tubules

What is the flatworm excretory organ called?

Protonephridium

In the tetrapod heart, the pacemaker is the

Sinoatrial (SA) node.

The small intestine is highly specialized for absorption of nutrients because it

The small intestine is highly specialized for absorption of nutrients because it

True or False: A circulatory system, especially the closed circulatory system of vertebrates, functionally increases the surface area of large organisms.

True

True or False: Marine (saltwater) fish are hypoosmotic in contrast to their environment, therefore, one would expect these animals to secrete more concentrated urine than that secreted by their freshwater relatives.

True

True or False: The circulatory systems of birds and mammals are virtually the same in terms of heart chambers and major circulatory pathways.

True

_________________ is produced by macrophages, is a mediator of inflammation, and may help cause fever.

Tumor necrosis factor

What is the name of the tube that transports urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?

Ureter

Immunoglobulins have a structure that resembles which letter?

Y

Your doctor has diagnosed you with pertussis, a respiratory disease that produces dangerous whooping cough in children. You are excited to see your sister's newborn infant, but worry about making him sick. "Don't worry," your sister says, "He just got his first DTAP vaccine this morning. Come on over!" What do you do?

You should not visit. It will take time for the baby's body to mount an immune response to a vaccine.

An increased amount of ADH leads to

a decreased amount of urine.

In many modern animals, the ancient archinephric duct became

a duct for sperm transport.

Blood in vertebrates constitutes

a tissue.

Fat absorption differs from other foods because its breakdown products are

absorbed into the lacteals before entering into the lymphatic system.

The large intestine functions mainly in

absorption of water and vitamin production.

What is the role of HCl in the stomach?

activates the digestive enzyme pepsinogen, a precursor to pepsin.

Replacement of needed salt or disposal of excess salt against the gradient requires

active transport.

The blood typing test relies on ________ of red blood cells.

agglutination

Vitamins are

associated with some enzymes and function as coenzymes.

Hummingbirds are able to reduce energy expenditure when inactive by

becoming torpid while asleep.

Extracellular fluid is subdivided into

blood plasma and interstitial fluid.

As a zoology student, you have been comparing vertebrate and invertebrate excretory systems. From this comparison, you conclude that...

both filter body fluids and then reabsorb water and solutes.

Oxygen is carried in circulation primarily

bound to hemoglobin in the red blood cells.

The exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and wastes (including carbon dioxide) takes place across the walls of the

capillaries

The acquired immune response in vertebrates has two arms:

cellular and humoral.

Opposing the blood hydrostatic pressure that forces water across capillaries is the

colloid osmotic pressure.

The blood vessel that provides oxygen to the heart tissue is the

coronary artery.

The flow of arterial blood downward alongside the ascending venous blood in the leg of the arctic wolf illustrates the concept of

countercurrent exchange.

The distinction between segmentation and peristalsis (as digestive processes) is mainly

dividing and squeezing contents of the intestine in one place versus moving food along.

Microvilli form a brush-like border on the cells of the

duodenum.

An animal having a body temperature that is determined solely by the temperature of the environment is said to be

ectothermic.

Food is prevented from entering the trachea by the

epiglottis.

The evolution of an alimentary system is primarily to allow

extracellular digestion.

The long, insoluble threads of fibrin of a blood clot originated from

fibrinogen.

A bird, insect or worm gizzard is a

food crushing and grinding organ.

In the small intestine

food is digested and the nutrients are absorbed.

Terrestrial animals can replace water losses by getting some liquid from their food, drinking water, and by

forming metabolic water in the cells by oxidation of organic compounds.

Brown fat appears to be specialized for which function?

generation of heat.

The liver produces bile, which functions to

help emulsify or break down fats for digestion.

Animals maintaining a constant and elevated body temperature independent of ambient conditions are

homeothermic.

Secretin, gastrin, and CCK in humans are all

hormones that control digestive secretions.

Platelets

initiate clotting by releasing thromboplastin.

Low-molecular weight glycoproteins that are released by many eukaryotic cells in response to invasion by intracellular parasites are called

interferons

In multicellular animals, body fluids are divided into two main phases,

intracellular and extracellular.

The brackish-water shore crab

is a hyperosmotic regulator that maintains a higher salt concentration in their internal fluids than that found in the dilute seawater outside.

Oxygenated blood enters the heart at the

left atrium.

The systemic circuit ultimately circulates blood from the

left ventricle to right atrium.

Freshwater animals

lose salt by outward diffusion.

The ___________ of annelids and molluscs is an open, or "true," nephridium.

metanephridium

In the evolution of bony fish,

modern marine bony fish originated from freshwater bony ancestors.

In some invertebrates, if we cut the nerves leading to the heart and the heart stops beating, the heart is considered

neurogenic.

An individual antibody is made against

one epitope on the cell

In a process called __________, an antibody becomes coated with antibody molecules and then macrophages recognize the projecting antibody regions and are stimulated to engulf the particle.

opsonization

The marine invertebrates, that have surfaces permeable to salts and water so that they are always in osmotic equilibrium with the seawater environment, are called

osmotic conformers.

Ciliated flame cells propel fluids through the excretory system in

planarians.

Examples of a suspension feeder and a deposit feeder would be, respectively,

polychaete annelid and earthworms.

Villi serve to

produce enzymes and absorb nutrients.

In the stomach

protein digestion begins.

Which of these do the pancreatic enzymes digest?

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids

Contraction of the right ventricle forces blood initially into the

pulmonary artery.

The ____________ is involved with pumping blood to and from the lungs.

pulmonary circuit

The transport maximum is the upper limit to the amount of a substance that can be

reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.

The effect of renin release will

result in production of angiotensin.

Salivary amylase would begin the digestion of

starches.

Animals that are restricted to living in a narrow salinity range are

stenohaline.

If a person has a blood pressure of 110/60, the "110" refers to the

systolic pressure.

A blood clot is formed by a fibrin meshwork in a reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme

thrombin.

Specialized tubules in insects that make direct contact with the tissues to provide oxygen and remove carbon dioxide are called

tracheae.

Sharks maintain osmotic equilibrium with the ocean water by the kidney conserving _______, allowing it to accumulate in the blood until osmolarity is near that of seawater.

urea

The lymphatic system drains lymph back into the

veins of the lower neck.

Vitamins are classified based on

whether they are water or fat soluble.