Mastering Biology Chapter 40

The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the _____. A) thyroid gland B) hypothalamus C) subcutaneous layer of the skin D) liver

B) hypothalamus

Hummingbirds are small birds that require a regular food supply. When hummingbirds are faced with a situation that decreases their food supply, such as a storm, which of the following adaptations would be most useful for the bird to survive such an unpredictable and short-term absence of food resources? A) shivering B) torpor C) hibernation D) burrowing into soil

B) torpor

The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed

Homeostasis

In many animals, fat is stored in specialized cells in the ________. a) adipose tissue b) muscle c) bone d) blood

a) adipose tissue

Bone consists of ________. a) chondroitin sulfate secreted by chondrocytes. b) many columnar epithelial cells packed together. c) hardened fibrous connective tissue. d) a mixture of hardened collagen and minerals.

d) a mixture of hardened collagen and minerals.

The metabolic rate of an animal is most accurately determined by

the amount of energy used by an animal in a given time

Most land-dwelling invertebrates and all of the amphibians _____. A) are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures B) alter their metabolic rates to maintain a constant body temperature of 37°C C) are endotherms but become thermoconformers when they are in water D) become more active when environmental temperatures drop below 15°C

A) are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures

The countercurrent arrangement of blood vessels is an adaptation that allows the goose to ________. A. conserve heat in its core when the goose is swimming in cold water B. generate heat using shivering thermogenesis C. minimize heat exchange between the feet and water D. more effectively cool off in the summer

A. conserve heat in its core when the goose is swimming in cold water

In a cool environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm _____. A) maintains a higher basal metabolic rate B) expends more energy per kilogram of body mass than does the endotherm C) invests little energy in temperature regulation D) has greater insulation on its body surface

C) invests little energy in temperature regulation

Independent of whether an organism is an endotherm or ectoderm, the LEAST reliable indicator of an animal's metabolic rate is the amount of _____. A) food eaten in one day B) heat generated in one day C) oxygen used in mitochondria in one day D) water consumed in one day

D) water consumed in one day

When the body's blood glucose level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin and, as a result, the blood glucose level declines. When the blood glucose level is low, the pancreas secretes glucagon and, as a result, the blood glucose level rises. Such regulation of the blood glucose level is the result of _____. A. catalytic feedback B. protein-protein interactions C. positive feedback D. negative feedback

D. negative feedback

The metamorphosis of a tadpole to an adult frog involves a thorough reconstruction of the animal's body. All of the structural and physiological changes must be complete or the frog will not survive this transformation. Which type of regulation would ensure that the animal completed its transformation? A. enzymatic catalysis B. negative feedback C. feedback inhibition D. positive feedback

D. positive feedback

You are studying a large tropical reptile that has a high and relatively stable body temperature. How would you determine whether this animal is an endotherm or an ectotherm?

You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm.

Generally, epithelial cell layers are responsible for separating two fluids. For example, the epithelium of blood vessels in animals separates the blood from the interstitial fluid. What characteristic would you expect to see in an epithelium that was specialized for passive diffusion of materials from one fluid to another? a) a single layer of flattened cells b) loosely connected cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix c) large, cube-shaped cells d) many layers of cells stacked together

a) a single layer of flattened cells

The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is a) epithelial tissue b) connective tissue c) muscle tissue d) nervous tissue

a) epithelial tissue

All types of muscle tissue have _____. a) interactions between actin and myosin b) cells that lengthen when appropriately stimulated c) striated banding patterns seen under the microscope d) a response that can be consciously controlled

a) interactions between actin and myosin

Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by _____. a) smooth muscle b) cardiac muscle c) striated muscle d) skeletal muscle

a) smooth muscle

Cardiac muscle cells are both _____. a) striated and interconnected by intercalated disks b) smooth and under voluntary control c) smooth and under involuntary control d) striated and under voluntary control

a) striated and interconnected by intercalated disks

Most types of communication between cells utilize _____. a) the exchange of cytosol between the cells b) chemical or electrical signals c) the movement of the cells d) the exchange of DNA between the cells

b) chemical or electrical signals

Muscle cells are organized to perform specific types of contractions within a tissue. Which of the following is a characteristic of smooth muscle? a) intercalated discs b) spindle-shaped cells with a single nucleus c) many cells fused together d) striations with sarcomeres

b) spindle-shaped cells with a single nucleus

Both the endocrine and nervous systems transmit information around an animal's body. Which of the following is a characteristic of nervous system signals? a. allow gradual change to take place in the body b. travel quickly, allowing rapid transmission of signals c. usually impact the entire body d. a voltage change must occur

b. travel quickly, allowing rapid transmission of signals

Blood is best classified as connective tissue because _____. a) it is found within all the organs of the body b) it contains more than one type of cell c) its cells can move from place to place d) its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix

d) its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix

Connective tissues typically have _____. a) little space between the membranes of adjacent cells b) the ability to shorten upon stimulation c) the ability to transmit electrochemical impulses d) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix

d) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix

Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with: a. connective tissue b. smooth muscle cells c. neural tissue d. epithelial tissue

d. epithelial tissue

All animals, whether large or small, have: a. an external body surface that is dry b. a basic body plan that resembles a two-layered sac c. a body surface covered with hair to keep them warm d. most of their cells in contact with an aqueous medium

d. most of their cells in contact with an aqueous medium

Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The __________ would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the __________ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass. elephant; mouse elephant; human penguin; mouse mouse; snake human; penguin

elephant; mouse