MCQS UNIT 7 (79)

As described by Keshavarz in the first paragraph, which of the following would best explain why European countries were implementing policies to increase the size of their populations? A They wanted to address the effects of the First World War and mobilize for future conflicts. B They needed to employ the workers who had lost their jobs in the Great Depression. C They feared a popular backlash against the economic and social costs of the welfare state. D They had adopted Marxist economic philosophy.

A

Based on the passage, it can be inferred that Mazower might also support which of the following assertions? A The Nazis' rigidly ideological approach to empire building prevented them from consolidating their control of continental Europe. B The industrial capacity of the United States doomed Hitler's project for a Nazi-dominated Europe to failure from the start. C Stalin's modernization policies would have enabled the Soviet Union to defeat Nazi Germany regardless of Hitler's policies. D Ordinary Germans' revulsion at the genocidal policies of the Nazi Party as the Second World War progressed would have resulted in a revolution in Germany even if Hitler had won the military conflict.

A

In the excerpt above, Mustafa Kemal is most clearly supporting which of the following? A Nationalism B Fundamentalism C Marxism D Totalitarianism

A

Moltke's prediction in Source 1 about the consequences of a potential war between Germany and France is most directly explained by the fact that A previous conflicts had stirred intense nationalism in France and Germany B fascists within Germany sought to use a potential war with France as an excuse to establish a dictatorship C France had a much larger population than Germany D France's recent industrialization made it militarily superior to Germany

A

The Brazilian government's pride in listing the extensive workers' rights guaranteed under the 1937 constitution is significant because it shows that A governments across the political spectrum were influenced by socialist economic and social policies B governments across the political spectrum promoted state-led industrialization to foster economic growth C governments across the political spectrum used nationalism to mobilize their populations for war D governments across the political spectrum sought the support of the military in obtaining political power

A

The differences in the passages above are most likely a result of which of the following? A Demilitarization imposed by the United States after the Second World War B The persistence of mass antiwar protests in Japan C The Japanese emperor's acceptance of Enlightenment ideals D Ideological struggles between communist and capitalist political parties

A

The ideas expressed in the last two slogans most likely reflect which of the following twentieth-century developments? A Totalitarian states using violence and genocide against civilians to maintain power B Civil rights movements destabilizing newly independent states C Civil war between communist factions supporting China and the Soviet Union D Constitutional conflicts emerging between the executive and judicial branches in communist states

A

The primary rationale for Japan's territorial acquisitions in Southeast Asia during the period 1933-1942, as reflected in Map 2, was most similar to the primary rationale for which of the following? A The British East India Company's takeover of other European states' colonial possessions in India B The Ottoman Empire's conquest of the Middle East and North Africa C The Qing dynasty's expansion into Central Asia D France's conquests in central and southern Europe under Napoleon

A

The treaties that settled the conflict referred to in the passage most directly changed the geopolitical structure of the Middle East in which of the following ways? A Allied powers received territorial mandates from the League of Nations. B Most states that were formerly under European colonial rule became independent. C The state of Israel was created, which led to numerous wars. D Religious fundamentalism increased, which led to attacks on Western states

A

Which of the following best describes the 1936 lithograph (entitled The Hero) by German artist George Grosz? A A post-First World War print expressing antiwar sentiment B A representation of a Holocaust victim C A protest poster against the atrocities of the atomic bomb D A propaganda poster prepared by the Nazi Party

A

Which of the following best describes the lithograph above by German artist George Grosz? A A post-First World War print expressing antiwar sentiment B A twentieth-century painting exemplifying the ideas of the Cubists C A representation of a Holocaust victim from Dachau D A propaganda poster prepared for the Nuremberg Rally by the Nazi Party E A protest poster against the atrocities of the atomic bomb

A

Which of the following countries experienced the greatest number of war-related deaths during the Second World War? A The Soviet Union B The United States C Germany D Japan E India

A

Which of the following factors contributed most significantly to the contraction of the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century? A Independence movements inspired by ethnic nationalism B The Opium Wars C The Berlin Conference of 1884 and 1885 D Adoption of gunpowder weaponry

A

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the Chinese and the Mexican revolutions during the twentieth century? A Both generated land-redistribution policies. B Both were supported by an elite group of landlords. C Both were supported by Japan. D Both promoted religious education. E Both promoted imperialism

A

Which of the following most directly explains the Nazis' ability to carry out the policies of extermination shown in the image? A Local populations collaborated with the regime either out of racial prejudice, fear, or hopes for material gain. B Many European Jews emigrated to Palestine after the First World War following the establishment of a Jewish homeland in the region. C Nazi officials used propaganda to convince local populations that German occupation would benefit and liberate them. D Jews in many regions of Europe had been restricted to certain occupations and had to live in ghettos until the nineteenth century.

A

Which of the following statements best represents a nationalistic interpretation of the collapse of the Ottoman and Russian empires during and immediately after the First World War? A The growing demands of various ethnic groups within these multiethnic empires were the primary reasons for the collapse. B The slow pace of industrialization in these empires left them unable to compete militarily and politically with more developed countries. C Military weakness and political instability were the primary reasons for the collapse of these empires. D Religious differences between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire led to their final collapse.

A

Giolitti's concerns in Source 2 about the potential consequences of conflict in the Balkans are most directly explained by which of the following developments in Europe in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A Conflict between European rivals had already led to the dissolution of imperial states such as the Habsburg Austro-Hungarian Empire B European states entered into military alliances with each other that forced them to come to their allies' aid in the event of conflict with a nonallied state. C Ethnic and religious diversity in European states ensured that ethnic tensions in one region would quickly spread across Europe and spark civil wars. D Military experts feared that future wars between European states would likely be far deadlier than past wars, because of the recent development of more advanced weapons.

B

In the mid-twentieth century, which of the following was a similarity between the approaches of China and the Soviet Union in managing their respective economies? A Insistence on the participation of industrial workers in planning their economies B Direct intervention in their economies to speed the process of industrialization C Recognition of the independence of satellite states in developing their economies D Building popular support for their regimes by slowing the pace of industrialization

B

Some historians consider the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century to have been crucial decades in the development of Western thought. Which of the following best supports that contention? A Christian missionaries introduced strains of relativism into Western thought after encountering cultures with radically different world views. B Discoveries in physics introduced the concepts of uncertainty and relativity, which challenged mechanistic models of the universe. C Efficiency experts employed scientific methods to regulate the workplace and thereby encouraged faith in economic progress. D Visual artists inspired by photography made realism the dominant aim of painter and sculptors.

B

Taken together, the two sources best support which of the following conclusions regarding the situation in British India in 1940? A The British skillfully manipulated religious tensions within India to rally support for the imperial war effort. B Indian opposition to British rule involved groups pursuing very different political goals. C There was a clear difference between Hindu and Muslim visions of what postwar India should be. D Indian Muslim religious scholars rejected Gandhi's emphasis on nonviolence to achieve political change.

B

The Ottoman Empire likely entered into the conflict referred to in the passage because A it had undertaken significant political and economic reforms in the late nineteenth century. B it had lost significant territory to other European states in the nineteenth century. C it shared religious and cultural values with Germany and Austria-Hungary D its economy significantly lagged behind those of the other European powers.

B

The memorandum is best explained in the context of which of the following developments in the early twentieth century? (A) The decline of the Western-dominated global order (B) The emergence of external and internal challenges that threatened the stability of imperial states (C) The emergence of new nation-states based on the principle of ethnic self-determination (D) The use of government propaganda to mobilize national populations for conflict with rival states

B

The opinion expressed in the passage above is most consistent with which of the following? A Privatizing Mexico's water and mineral resources B Redistributing one-third of the land controlled by large landholders to landless peasants C Guaranteeing workers' rights to organize and go on strike D Abrogating all contracts giving foreign nationals ownership of Mexican land

B

The passage best exemplifies which of the following historical developments? A Khrushchev's defense of communism as an alternative to free-market capitalism B Khrushchev's attempt to distance his rule from Stalinist atrocities C The diplomatic split between Communist China and the Soviet Union D The Soviet Union's deployment of ballistic missiles to Cuba

B

The situation shown in the image is best understood in the context of which of the following aspects of twentieth-century warfare? A States used propaganda to intensify patriotism in times of war. B States made full use of their populations and material resources to fight total wars. C States used new industrial technologies to fight wars that were deadlier and more expensive. D States increasingly mobilized their citizens for warfare regardless of gender or class.

B

Which of the following accurately explains the historical significance of the harsh conditions imposed on Germany that the editorial describes? A They led to a successful communist revolution in Germany. B They encouraged the rise of political extremism in Germany. C They resulted in the virtual deindustrialization of Germany. D They triggered a massive wave of emigration from Germany

B

Which of the following directly enabled the establishment of the government that produced the poster? A Redrawn national boundaries as a result of peace treaties ending the First World War B The collapse of the Russian Empire under the stress of the First World War C The abolition of serfdom and other forms of coerced labor in Russia during the nineteenth century D Increased ethnic violence in Russia due to imperial expansion in the nineteenth century

B

Which of the following was a major long-term effect of the global economic depression of the 1930s? A Individuals such as Gandhi developed the practice of nonviolence. B Governments began to take a more active role in their economies. C Land-based empires such as the Ottoman Empire became stronger. D Global warming was accelerated by increased burning of fossil fuels.

B

Asian reactions to Western claims of racial and cultural superiority, such as the reaction by Shigenobu in the passage, were also instrumental in the period 1918-1945 in the A growing number of conversions to Christianity among Asian peoples B growing popularity of laissez-faire economic policies in Asian states C intensification of anti-imperial resistance activities and independence movements D establishment of European immigrant enclaves in many parts of South and East Asia

C

China's strategy for modernization and economic development in the 1950s most closely resembled the developmental strategy of A India B Japan C the Soviet Union D Britain E the United States

C

Durnovo's argument in the second paragraph regarding the effect of war between Germany and Russia on the two countries would prove to be A inaccurate in its prediction that war between Germany and Russia would lead to "social revolution" B inaccurate in its prediction that revolution would break out first in the defeated country C accurate in its prediction that a war with Germany would create the circumstances for a revolution in Russia D accurate in its prediction that both Germany and Russia would succumb to revolution regardless of which side won the war

C

Goldfarb, in Source 2, most directly supports her claim that the British press during the First World War routinely suppressed important war news by citing A letters by soldiers complaining of the incompetence of their leaders B the more obtrusive press censorship of German authorities C the case of the sinking of a battleship and the Battle of Jutland D rewards given to journalists by the British government

C

In Poem 2, the reference to Indian victories on battlefields is best understood in the context of which of the following? A Violent resistance by Indians to colonial rule B The drafting of migrants into the militaries of host countries C The mobilization of Indian troops to fight in Great Britain's wars D Indian resistance to Japanese imperialism

C

The declaration's mention of a "heavy toll" in the third paragraph was most likely a reference to which of the following? A The mass violence that occurred under communist leaders, such as Mao Zedong B The casualties of the First World War C The deaths that occurred during the Holocaust D The deaths that occurred as a result of the use of nuclear weapons during the Second World War

C

The expenditures shown in the table most strongly illustrate which of the following? A European colonial powers did not build roads, bridges, or railways in the African territories under their control. B The primary objective of European imperialism in Africa was to stop the rule of private joint-stock companies. C Despite some medical advances, the environment in Africa continued to present unique challenges to European imperialism. D Despite economic challenges they faced at home, European imperial powers continued to finance local manufacturing in their colonies.

C

The image can best be used to illustrate which of the following about communist states? A State control of borders with noncommunist states B The collectivization of agriculture C State control over the economy D Limited technological progress in comparison with Western states

C

The image can best help explain which of the following differences between the Nazi program of genocide and other acts of genocide in the early twentieth century? A The Nazis persecuted specific ethnic and religious groups because they viewed them as threats to the state. B The Nazis attempted to conceal their atrocities from the larger international community. C The Nazis industrialized the killing process, allowing them to commit murder on a massive scale. D The Nazis committed their crimes during the course of a major international conflict.

C

The implementation of the policies of extermination shown in the image is most directly explained by which of the following aspects of Nazi ideology? A The idea that some minority populations could eventually be Germanized B The idea that Germany needed to expand its postwar borders in order to provide "living space" for its people C The idea that minority populations within Germany were somehow responsible for its defeat during the First World War D The idea that Germans descended from a master "Aryan" race

C

The mention of "President Wilson's principles" is most directly significant to understanding the editorial's point of\ view about the Treaty of Versailles because of the United States president's commitment to A establish an international organization to prevent future conflicts B resist the spread of Bolshevism following the Russian Revolution C broker a peace agreement on liberal principles that would not be motivated by revenge D work to create nation-states for ethnic minorities that had been under imperial control

C

The passage above best exemplifies which of the following processes shortly after the outbreak of the First World War? A The key role European women played in sustaining the war effort B The increasingly authoritarian methods used by European teachers C The strengthening of nationalist sentiment throughout Europe D The emergence of a pan-European antiwar movement

C

The poster can most directly be used as evidence to illustrate which of the following continuities of the twentieth century? A Totalitarian governments used propaganda to suppress ideological opposition to their rule. B Fascist states used propaganda to glorify their leaders. C Governments used propaganda to mobilize populations against their enemies. D Governments used propaganda to resist liberal social and economic reforms.

C

The table best supports which of the following conclusions? A European powers did not provide financial support for the maintenance of their colonies. B Europeans migrated and established settler communities in Africa. C European powers maintained colonies despite global war and economic depression. D Revenue from cash crops accounted for the majority of "other income" in French African colonies

C

Which development during the first decade of the twentieth century can best be explained in the context of the "weakening of the conservative principle" mentioned in the first paragraph of the passage? A The formation of the Triple Entente alliance, in which Great Britain, France, and Russia pledged to work together to check the rise of Germany B The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, as socialists in the Balkans led revolutions that greatly weakened the Habsburg monarchy C The Mexican Revolution, as middle classes and peasants united to oust longtime dictator Porfirio Díaz and establish a more equitable society D The Boer War, in which Dutch-speaking white settlers inflicted several military defeats on British colonial armies in southern Africa

C

Which of the following best describes a similarity between the Russian Revolutions of 1917 and the Chinese Revolution of 1911 ? A Both gained the support of government reformers holding high bureaucratic positions. B Both were initiated in response to invasions by foreign powers. C Both were able to gain support because of the ineffectiveness and corruption of the existing monarchies. D Both were led by members of the working classes who had risen through the ranks of labor unions

C

Which of the following best describes an important difference between the theories of revolution of Mao Zedong and those of Lenin? A Lenin stressed the need for a powerful state structure. B Mao claimed that Marx's early writings were less valid than Marx's later ones. C Mao placed emphasis on the revolutionary potential of peasants. D Mao thought that communism was appropriate only for some nations and cultures. E Lenin thought that Marx's writings were important.

C

Which of the following best explains a potentially significant limitation of using the document for understanding the reforms described in the passage in Brazil? A The document likely ignores the deep tensions that existed between workers and union leaders. B The document likely exaggerates the importance of the Work Tribunal in reshaping economic development in Brazil. C The document likely ignores some economic problems that might have occurred because of the reforms D The document likely exaggerates the extent to which the reforms benefited Brazil's middle and upper classes.

C

Which of the following best explains why the British government felt the need to distribute the pamphlet? A Religious tensions between India's Muslim and Christian populations significantly increased before the outbreak of the First World War. B Many people in Britain regarded the First World War as a religious conflict between Christian and Islamic states. C British authorities were concerned that going to war against a Muslim country could fuel anti-imperialist protests among India's large Muslim population. D British passenger ships and shipping companies made significant profits by transporting Muslim pilgrims on the hajj from India to Mecca and Medina.

C

Which of the following best supports the contention that the First World War was the first total war? A All the major European powers were involved in the war. B Many of the countries on the victorious side of the war were weakened politically by conflict. C Governments mobilized large segments of their populations and economies and targeted their opponents' military and economic capabilities. D The militaries of all major powers used the most advanced weaponry available to them.

C

Which of the following contributed significantly to the decline of both the Qing and the Ottoman Empires? A Collapse of domestic stock and bond markets B Widespread revolts by factory workers and labor unions C Internal conflict with ethnic and religious minorities D Attempts by the Soviet Union to spread world communism

C

Which of the following true statements about the Netherlands best explains how the newspaper's national origin likely influenced the view of Germany expressed in the editorial? A The Netherlands, like Germany until 1918, was a constitutional monarchy, although the Dutch monarchs had less effective power than the German kaiser. B The Netherlands, like Germany, had a large merchant fleet C The Netherlands, by remaining neutral during the war, profited significantly from helping Germany evade the Entente's naval blockade. D The Netherlands, like Germany before the war, had a significant overseas empire.

C

Which of the following was the major long-term political effect of the Great Depression? A Governments created policies to restrict international trade. B Philanthropic organizations provided relief for disadvantaged children C Governments began to take a more active role in economic life. D Labor unions in industrialized states dominated political life.

C

All of the following resulted from the French and Russian Revolutions EXCEPT A the rise of a strong autocratic leader B the execution of the monarch and family C a loss of power for the established church D a socialist economic system

D

Artworks of the type shown in the image were used for all of the following EXCEPT to A mobilize the Soviet population in support of the policy of "total war" during the Second World War B showcase Soviet support for the Warsaw Pact during the Cold War C promote Soviet support for anti-imperialist independence movements in Asia and Africa D encourage Soviet citizens to embrace Western popular culture

D

As shown in the image, the deployment of soldiers by European powers most directly relates to which of the following causes of conflict during the early twentieth century? A Decline in global economic production and trade B The emergence of revolutionary communism C The network of rival alliance systems D Imperialist expansion and competition for resources

D

Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their position? A The peace agreements should ensure that Germany could never threaten the stability of Europe again. B Mass atrocities committed during the war required that states possess sufficient armaments to defend themselves in future conflicts C New international organizations could have only a limited effect in restraining the actions of the great powers. D The end of the war would probably lead to a new rivalry between the victorious states.

D

In addition to the potential destabilization of the Ottoman Empire, Giolitti's argument in Source 2 regarding Italy's ambitions in Libya is likely explained by the concern that any attempt by a European state to acquire colonies in Africa could A encourage Japan to take advantage of the situation and conquer Italian colonies in Asia B greatly endanger the spread of Catholicism and enable the spread of Islam C lead African states to unite with each other against European powers D dangerously intensify rivalries between European states seeking to acquire territories and resources

D

Shigenobu's criticism of European race-based discrimination against Japanese people is significant mostly because it shows that advocates of Japanese imperialism A vigorously opposed European and United States' restrictions on Japanese immigration to the United States and Europe or European colonies B shared European Enlightenment views about representative government and natural rights C accepted Western racial hierarchies and the place that those hierarchies assigned to Asian peoples D adopted the European attitudes about a "civilizing mission" and used those attitudes to justify Japan's own imperial policies

D

Shigenobu's point of view regarding Western attitudes toward Japan as expressed in the passage is significant in that similar ideas were used by members of the Japanese government during the period between the First and the Second World Wars to justify A introducing reforms that industrialized Japan's economy B engaging in war with Russia over influence in Manchuria C overthrowing the Tokugawa Shogunate and establishing the Meiji dynasty D militarizing the Japanese state and expanding its territories in Asia

D

The change in the total number of athletes shown in the graph circa 1932 was most directly a result of the A success of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia B spread of Cold War proxy conflicts in Africa and Asia C creation of new nations after the First World War D lingering effects of a global economic depression

D

The economic development Stalin describes above was achieved primarily through which of the following? A Foreign investment from Western Europe B Creation of private companies by Russian entrepreneurs C Extensive trade with the United States D Government control of the national economy

D

The policy of requiring Koreans to adopt Japanese names most directly illustrates which of the following aspects of interwar Japan? A Its economic modernization B Its alliance with Nazi Germany C Its traditional samurai culture D Its extreme nationalism

D

Watson, in the first paragraph of Source 1, uses the newspaper quote to support the claim that A parts of eastern Germany were occupied by Russian troops in the early stages of the war B ordinary Germans were not genuinely afraid of the effects of a possible Russian invasion C Russian troops committed atrocities against German civilians D German propaganda portrayed the conflict with Russia as a defensive war

D

Which of the following best describes the cause of the developments described in the passage? A Protests against the environmental effects of economic development B Scientific breakthroughs in transportation and communication C Soviet reaction to the economic crisis of the Great Depression D Soviet efforts to modernize their economy through government control

D

Which of the following best describes the likely intent of the poster? A To build support for Soviet participation in institutions of international governance such as the League of Nations B To promote resistance to the prevailing political and economic order in the Soviet Union C To build support for centrally directed economic modernization programs in the Soviet Union D To promote Soviet free-market economic policies and participation in international trade agreements

D

Which of the following best explains the changes depicted in Map 2? A The rise of the Safavid Persian Empire B Sunni versus Shia rivalries within the Islamic world C The decline of Silk Road trade routes D European imperialism and increasing ethnic nationalism

D

Which of the following best explains the historical significance of views such as those expressed in the passage? A They show that, in response to the disruptions of the Great Depression, some states reaffirmed their commitment to pursuing liberal economic policies. B They show that many political leaders used the economic challenges of the Great Depression to justify implementing repressive policies. C They show that many states responded to the Great Depression by using race-based ideologies to mobilize economic resources D They show that, in response to the disruptions of the Great Depression, many political leaders saw it as their duty to take an active role in guiding economic life.

D

Which of the following developments during the Second World War would Franck most likely have cited as evidence to support his arguments in the passage? A German scientists such as Franck were critical to helping the United States develop nuclear weapons, and some of those scientists wanted the weapons used on Germany rather than Japan. B Nazi scientists were working frantically to develop nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction that could save the Nazi regime from defeat. C Some United States allies were largely unaware of the United States attempt to develop nuclear weapons. D Allied firebombing in Germany and Japan had caused massive devastation and civilian casualties, and atomic weapons were vastly more powerful than those used in firebombing.

D

Which of the following most directly led to the start of the First World War? A Japanese imperialist expansion into Korea and China B Political tensions between communist and capitalist states C European powers meeting in Berlin in 1884 and 1885 to divide Africa into colonies D Nationalist competition among industrialized powers for resources

D

Which of the following types of evidence does Watson (Source 1) cite to support his claim that early German support for the war was not limited to the young? A Propaganda ministry records B The works of other historians of the war C Newspaper articles D Muster rolls and letters

D

Which of the following was a major similarity between the goals of leaders of the Chinese Communist Revolution, such as Mao Zedong, and the goals of leaders of the Mexican Revolution, such as Emiliano Zapata, in the early twentieth century? A Advocacy of a global workers' revolution B Concern primarily with improving conditions for urban factory workers C Active encouragement for integration into the global economy D Support for redistribution of land to poor peasants

D

Which of the following was the most important factor behind Europeans' readiness to embrace authoritarian political systems in the 1930s? A Dissatisfaction with the welfare state B Admiration for the economic achievement of the Soviet Union under Stalin C Resentment of United States mass culture and consumer society D The economic crisis caused by the Great Depression

D

Which of the following is an accurate description of relations between European states and the Ottoman Empire in the period 1815 to 1914 ? A The Ottomans, in alliance with the Russians, English, and French, sought to impede German unification. B The Ottomans supported nationalism in the Balkans to destabilize Europe. C The Ottomans were expanding at the expense of Russia, England, and France D The Ottomans and the French cooperated in colonizing North Africa E Russian, English, and French expansion came at the expense of the Ottomans.

E