Med Term Chpt 11

cath

catheter, catheterization

hypo-

deficient, abnormally low, or below (prefix)

blast/o

developing cell

poly-

excessive, over, or many (prefix)

olig/o

few in number

blast/o

germ or bud

HD

hemodialysis

IVP

intravenous pyelogram

ket/o

ketone

keton/o

ketone

nephr/o

kidney

ren/o

kidney

nephro/o

kindey

glomerul/o

little ball, glomerulus

sten/o

narrow

meat/o

opening

meat/o

opening, passage

peritone/o

peritoneum

albumin/o

protein

py/o

pus

pyel/o

renal pelvis

RP

retrograde pyelogram

spadias/o

rip or tear

son/o

sound

SG

specific gravity

-stomy

surgical creation of an opening

-tripsy

surgical crushing

-pexy

surgical fixation

gluc/o

sweet, sugar

glyc/o

sweet, sugar

glycos/o

sweet, sugar

dia-

through (prefix)

epi-

upon, over, above, or on top (prefix)

azot/o

urea or nitrogen

ureter/o

ureter

urethr/o

urethra

UA

urinalysis

UTI

urinary tract infection

ur/o

urine

urin/o

urine

VCUG

voiding cystourethrogram

en-

within, upon, on, or over (prefix)

an-

without or absence of (prefix)

polyuria

Chronic excessive urination is a common sign of an endocrine disease, usually diabetes insipidus or diabetes mellitus

blood urea nitrogen

Clinical lab test that measures urea concentration in a sample of blood as an indicator of kidney function. Abbreviated BUN.

urinalysis

Combination of clinical lab tests that are performed on a urine specimen.

urinary tract infection

Commonly called a UTI, this is an infection of urinary organs, usually the urethra and urinary bladder. Symptoms include fever, dysuria, and lumbar or abdominal pain. Usually caused by staphylococci or E. coli bacteria.

nephroptosis

Condition of a downward displacement or drooping of a kidney. Also called floating kidney.

uremia

Condition of excess of urea and other nitrogenous wastes are present in the blood. Caused by kidney failure.

dysuria

Difficulty or pain experienced during urination.

renography

Examination that uses nuclear medicine by IV injection of radioactive material into the patient's kidneys.

diruesis

Excessive discharge of urine is a sign of the endocrine disorders known as diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus. Diruesis literally means urination through.

nephroma

General term for a tumor arising from kidney tissue.

ureterocele

Herniated ureter.

incontinence

Inability to control urination.

ureterotomy

Incision into the wall of the ureter.

ureteritis

Inflammation of a ureter. Caused by a bacterial infection.

nephritis

Inflammation of the kidney. Usual cause is bacterial infection, and if left untreated it can lead to the more serious condition of glomerulonephritis.

pyelitis

Inflammation of the renal pelvis. Usually caused by a bacterial infection.

pyelonephritis

Inflammatory condition of the renal pelvis and nephrons.

stress incontinence

Involuntary discharge of urine occurs during a cough, sneeze, or strained movement.

enuresis

Involuntary release of urine, which usually occurs due to a lack of bladder control among children or the elderly.

polycystic

Kidney condition characterized by the presence of numerous cysts occupying much of the kidney tissue. The cysts replace normal tissue, resulting in a loss of kidney function.

specific gravity

Measurement of the density of substances in a liquid compared to water. (SG)

urology

Medical field specializing in disorders of the urinary system.

nephrology

Medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with the kidneys.

proteinuria

Presence of any protein in the urine.

ureterolithiasis

Presence of one or more stones, or calculi, within a ureter.

pyuria

Presence of pus in the urine.

urinary endoscopy

Procedural use of an endoscope to observe internal structures of the urinary system.

urethrotomy

Procedure includes an incision into the wall of the urethra.

retrograde pyelogram

Procedure involves injection of contrast medium into the ureter using a cytoscope. Abbreviagted RP.

nephroscopy

Procedure of visually examination of kidney nephrons during which a modified fiber-optic endoscope called a nephroscope is used.

peritoneal dialysis

Procedure which processes fluids and electrolytes by artificial filtration as a cleansing treatment to compensate for kidney failure.

urinary catheterization

Process of inserting a urinary catheter.

oliguria

Reduced urine becomes a clinical problem when the bolume of urine declines to less than 500mL within a 24 hour period. It is known as oliguria and is a possible sign of kidney disorder.

renal transplant

Replacement of a dysfunctioning kidney with a donor kidney.

vesicourethral

Surgery that is performed to stabilized the position of the urinary bladder.

ureterostomy

Surgical creation of an external opening from the ureter to the body surface.

urethrostomy

Surgical creation of an opening through the urethra.

nephropexy

Surgical fixation of a kidney is sometimes necessary if the kidney is abnormally loose within the abdominal cavity, such as in the condition nephroptosis or floating kidney. The procedure is called nephropexy.

urethropexy

Surgical fixation of the urethra. Often used to correct stress incontinence.

nephrectomy

Surgical procedure that removes a kidney.

ureterectomy

Surgical removal of a ureter.

cystectomy

Surgical removal of the urinary bladder.

pyeloplasty

Surgical repair of the renal pelvis.

urethroplasty

Surgical repair of the urethra.

cystoplasty

Surgical repair of the urinary bladder.

cystorrhaphy

Suturing the bladder wall.

Urinary

The Urinary system functions as a sanitation engineer of the body, maintaining the purity and health of the body's fluids by removing unwanted waste materials and recycling other materials.

hypospadias

The change in location of the urinary meatus is ventral. In males, it opens on the underside of the penis, and in females the meatus is within the vagina.

hydronephrosis

The condition in which the exit of urine out of the kidneys becomes blocked by an obstruction in a ureter, the urine will back up to cause distension of the renal pelvis.

nocturia

The need to urinate frequently at night is a possible symptom of diabetes mellitus or benign prostate hyperplasia which is called nocturia.

nephrolithiasis

The presence of one or more stones, or calculi, within a kidney. Renal calculi is an alternate term.

creatinine

The protein creatinine is a normal component of urine and is a byproduct of muscle metabolism. It may be measured in a urine sample.

azotemia

The sign of abnormally high levels of urea and other nitrogen containing compounds in the blood.

cystostomy

The surgical creation of an artificial opening into the urinary bladder.

Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL)

Ultrasonic energy from a source outside the body is used on stones that are too large to pass through the urethra.

nephrogram

Xray image of the kidney.

anuresis

"Without urination." The inability to pass urine is a sign of a blockage of the urinary tract or kidney failure.

anuria

"Without urine" Anuria is the production of less than 100mL of urine per day.

strictures

A condition of abnormal narrowing.

epispadias

A congenital defect resulting in the abnormal positioning of the urinary meatus.

nephrotomogram

A diagnostic procedure that images the kidney with sectional xrays to observe internal details of kidney structure.

catheter

A flexible tube that is inserted into an opening of the body to transport fluids in or out.

nephrologist

A physician specializing in the study of kidneys.

cystolithotomy

A procedure in which an incision is made through the urinary bladder wall to remove a stone.

hemodialysis

A procedure that pushes a patient's blood through permeable membranes within an instrument. It is performed to artificially remove nitrogenous wastes and excess ions that accumulate during normal body metabolism, temporarily replacing the function of kidney filtration for patients with kidney disease or kidney failure.

nephrostomy

A procedure that surgically creates an opening through the body wall and into a kidney.

cystoscopy

A procedure using a modified endoscope to view the interior of the urinary bladder.

cystolith

A stone or calculus in the urinary bladder

pyelolithotomy

A surgery performed to remove the stone from the renal pelvis involves an incision into the kidney.

nephrolysis

A surgical procedure during which abnormal adhesions are removed from a kidney, loosening the organ.

fulguration

A surgical procedure that destroys living tissue with an electric current.

lithotripsy

A surgical technique that applies concentrated sound waves to pulverize or dissolve stones into smaller pieces that may then pass with urine through the urethra.

nephroblastoma

A tumor originating from kidney tissue that includes developing embyonic cells. It is also called Wilm's Tumor after the 19th century German physician who published the first description of the diease.

urine

A watery waste. Urine is formed by three processes occurring in the kidneys: filtration of the blood to produce a filtrate, reabsorption of excess water in the filtrate to return it to the bloodstream, and secretion of excess ions as waste into the filtrate.

urinary retention

Abnormal accumulation of urine within the urinary bladder.

bacteriuria

Abnormal presence of bacteria in the urine which is a sign of a urinary tract infection.

hematuria

Abnormal presence of blood in the urine is a sign of urinary disease. Pertaining to bloody urine.

glycosuria

Abnormal presence of glucose in the urine is a sign of an endocrine disease, such as diabetes mellitus, or a kidney disorder, or perhaps both.

ketonuria

Abnormal presence of ketone bodies in the urine.

urinary suspension

Acute stoppage of urine formation by the kidneys. Result from acute renal failure in which kidney function ceases.

albuminuria

Albuminuria is the condition where albumin is found in the urine. It is typically found in the blood.

nephromegaly

An abnormal enlargement of one or both kidneys.

cystotomy

An incision through the urinary bladder wall.

urinometer

An instrument that measures the specific gravity in a sample of urine.

nephrosonography

An ultrasound procedure that provides an image of a kidney for diagnostic analysis.

nephrography

An xray image of a kidney after injection of a contrast medium or dye.

cystogram

An xray image of the urinary bladder.

pyelogram

An xray of the renal pelvis.

cystography

An xray procedure producing an image of the urinary bladder with injection of a contrast medium or dye.

glomerulonephritis

Any disease of the glomeruli.

bacter/o

bacteria

dys-

bad, abnormal, painful or difficult (prefix)

glomerul/o

ball or glomerulus

cyst/o

bladder

vesic/o

bladder

BUN

blood urea nitrogen